Prepare and Maintain Learning Environments

TDA 2. 12 1. 1 – Health and Safety – learning environments. The school has a strict policy that describes the needs of keeping children safe within their learning environment. It is not only important that children are safe in school but also that they feel safe themselves – this creates a comfortable place to work. It is important that children are safe when playing outdoors therefore the main front gate is kept locked when children are in the playground and only the teacher on duty holds a key. Safety indoor is manned by the site manager who performs some daily checks and some weekly checks on the various equipment. The site manager’s job is to ensure that the school building is free from hazards and obstructions as this will prevent children from having any unnecessary accidents. It is the teacher’s responsibility and our responsibility to make sure that the classroom is free from hazards as there are many risks that could occur. There is a general classroom risk assessment updated every month in order to avoid accidents. 1. 4 If using any safety equipment in my lessons, I would always ensure that this was properly set up and safe to use. I would test it myself by using the manufacturer’s guide, I would ask another member of staff if I still wasn’t sure. 2. 4 As our school is ‘eco-friendly’, we have many different recycling wastes in progress. One of these is paper recycling where any waste paper including mistaken printing/photocopying can be reused. Another recycling operation we have is food waste, excess food from the school canteen and fruit cores and skins from the children is all put into a separate bin. Other recycling includes bottles, plastic and general waste. 3. 2 The physical environment is constantly practiced as it is an on-going procedure within school. Maintenance of health and safety of the children is taken care of in many ways i. e. a child/ a group of children are never left on their own, gates are always locked around the school and children cannot open front door or back doors without the help of an adult. Only members off staff are able to enter the building using the thumb print security system. Areas are always made to ensure that children and adults are comfortable in their learning/working environment. In the winter, central heating is on and in the summer windows can be opened to let in fresh air. Spare raincoats and willies are provided for children (and adults) without during outdoor learning. Most discomforts that a child may complain about can be sorted using the equipment and staff in the school. On-going activities will have been pre-planned and therefore the best space to do the activity in will have already been allocated by the class teacher or whoever has prepared the activity. For example P. E. ctivities would be best done outside as there is plenty of room (and fresh air) however if it is raining the sports sessions would then be done in the hall. The area the activity takes place in would also depend on the size of the class or group taking part. The children within the group would also need to be taken into consideration, for example are there any children that have disabilities which would hinder their performance if they were taken outside. Also blind/deaf children , the activities in the area would be adapted to ensure ease for everyone.

The Criminal Justice System

Assignment 1 The Criminal Justice System April 26, 2010 According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the criminal justice system is a â€Å"system of law enforcement, the bar, the judiciary, corrections, and probation that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, defense, sentencing, incarceration, and supervision of those suspected of or charged with a criminal offense† (Mifflin, 2007). The criminal justice system aims to reduce crime by bringing more offences to justice and rise public confidence that the system is fair and will deliver for the law of abiding citizens. The criminal justice system consists of three areas (1) law enforcement (police), (2) adjudication (courts), and (3) correction (jail, prisons, probation, and parole). These agencies operate together in the criminal justice system under the rule of law and as the principal means of maintaining the rule of law within society. However, in the three areas, the police solve crimes and make arrests, the court sentences the offender and the correction system carry out the punishment and rehabilitate the offenders. The criminal justice system primary goals are justice for individual, personal liberty, dignity of human beings, and the right to due process. Justice for the individual requires that all should have what belongs to them, and so the just man will render to the society, or State, of which he is a member, what is due to it. Personal liberty means freedom from unlawful physical restraint or harm and freedom from arbitrary interference with one’s privacy and lawful belongings. On the other hand, human dignity is an expression of moral concept that human beings should not be treated as objects. One implication of human dignity is that every human being should be acknowledged as a valuable member of the human community and as a unique expression of life. Last but not least, due process is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a person’s legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life, liberty, or property. The due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment protects against state of local government abuse of power. In conclusion, a criminal justice system that is honest, fair and effective is one of America's most important institutions. All law abiding citizens are govern by due process according to the criminal justice system. Therefore, it is very important for all citizens to follow the law according to the police statues, the court statues, and the correction systems statues because there is always improvement in this field. References American Heritage Dictionary A History of American Criminal Justice, http://www. en. wikipedia. org

Family Essay

In a world of varying cultures and values for the elderly, there exists a principal notion about elderly homes that have spurred today. Oftentimes than not, the notion about elderly homes are of the negative and this stems from the fact that the elderly homes serve as a constant reminder about something that most people fear—death and old age (Dickinson and Vasen, 2006). However, according to Dickinson and Vasen, there is a positive side to the elderly homes that most people do not see (2006). One of these may be attributed to the view that the elderly homes can be considered as a family in itself. In this family, there are parts that comprise the whole, cooperation is existent, and there are groups formed within the family as will be expounded in the body. The elderly homes are composed of several members that comprise the family. First, we have the group of nursing aides who cares for the elderly and they are the lifeblood of the family. Without the nursing aides, the elderly home will be like a tree without its roots. This is the group that serves the purpose of nurturing and giving utmost care and attention needed by the elderly living inside. Second, we have the group of elder persons who serves as the air that the elderly home breathes. They are the purpose why the home exists and without them, there should not have been an elderly home in the first place. Moreover, they are the center of attention in the home because of their decreased strength and special needs that have to be attended to. They are also at the center of activities in the elderly home such as in Christmas parties, gatherings, and others. Third, we have the administration that runs the elderly home. They manage the day-to-day affairs of the elderly home especially with regards to routine maintenance and those functions not covered by the nursing aides. Although they serve the elderly indirectly, they still form a vital role because they are the ones responsible for the proper functioning of the elderly home. Moreover, the administration is considered as the support system of the whole. In conclusion, it can be said that each is a part of the whole and each plays a role that whose purpose is to contribute to the family to which they are a member of. Moreover, there are relationships that are formed between these groups that form the bond between them as a family. It is all up to the members of this family to determine what type of family they would be. But certainly, it is not a negative one as most people tend to see them. Instead, it is a harmonious and vital institution of the society.

Qualititive Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Qualititive - Assignment Example The data in this case was gathered through interviews conducted at a local organization. The main intension is to re-engineer both the Business Take On and client billing process. The organization from which the data was gathered is within a situation in which the clients are under-billed and sometimes being billed incorrectly (Heath, 2014). This aspect has created a major problem within the organization. The problem is not only faced by the organization but also by the clients especially after being billed incorrectly (Heath, 2014; Kelly, 2014; Vincent, 2014). The data collected was solely qualitative. Qualitative data refers to statistical data that is non-quantifiable. Usually, the data collection techniques are those based on qualitative data collection (Cant, 1997; Creswell, 2003; Higgs, 1997; Loseke & Cahil, 2007). In this case, interviews were used to gather the data at the organization. The interview process was conducted with various individual and specifically the organization’s key personnel. These personnel involved the people representing various sub-units within the client organisation. The interview process was initiated with personnel like Lea Kelly who is the business development manager, Heath, and Vincent from the sales department of the organization. Six interviews were conducted with Vincent taking part in four of the interviews (Vincent, 2014). The interviews were conducted separately because different information was required for capturing. Recording the interviews was the primary was of obtaining the response s from the interviewees. For easy analysis, the recorded information was converted into interview transcripts. The interview transcripts allowed for easy coding (Mason, 2002). In this case, coding is critical for the analysis of the data (McRoy, 2014). The result of the interview process produced a number of themes, which need to be addressed if the organization has to solve the current problems. From the interview,

Intercultural competence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Intercultural competence - Essay Example â€Å"Every period of history held its own standards on what was and was not considered beautiful† (Sullivan 2002). It is unarguably true that ideals of beauty have always changed with time and Men and women have different notions of beauty. Although Geography, race, and culture has played a dominant role in evolving concepts of beauty; Literature, anthropology, history and contemporary views illustrate their diversity in different parts of the world. Never the less culture still remains a deep rooted factor of governance. However globalization, technology and media have become a strong influence over pre existing ideals of beauty. Men’s perceptions of ideals of beauty vis a vis in Africa and Russia differ widely; the comparison brings forth vivid concepts ranging from race, symmetry, skin color, body size and even hair as determinants of beauty evident from literary works of social scientists, psychologists and the surveys of electronic media. Although the concepts of beauty the world over vary in ideals, they can be generalized to quite an extent with reference to those in Russia and also in Africa on the basis of tradition and culture in those countries. Men have always vied beauty differently than their counterpart genders. Occidental vividness in their perception is evident in the study reports of anthropologists. While men in Russia incline towards features of Caucasian race, those in Africa signify African primitiveness in their ideals of beauty. The Russian men may prefer, sharp noses, dark eyes, long flowing strands of hair and dainty build in their women, the In Beauty and Culture the concept of beauty as seen by African men elucidates â€Å"Throughout history, people in every culture have sought to change the natural appearance of their bodies†. â€Å"They reshape, sculpt their bodies and adorn them with paint, cosmetics, clothing

TMA02 B300 Part 2 Policy issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

TMA02 B300 Part 2 Policy issues - Essay Example The Diamond Model consists of four attributes which are interlinked and interrelated with each other. These four attributes must be present in order to ensure rapid growth and development in the industrial sector. Porter stated that national competitive advantage is based upon the application of smart and prudent strategies. Flexible, agile, and reliable government policies will assist in the creation of advanced industries. Other variables like productivity, quality, knowledge base, innovation, and creativity were identified as enhancing the competitive edge of nations. This research paper will explain the four attributes of the Diamond Model. It will analyze the impact of four attributes on national policy. Previous theories related to industrial development and production focused on the availability of human and material resources. However these theories were considered to be flawed because of their linear and simplistic line of reasoning. Most developing countries have abundant material and human resources, yet they have failed to improve economic standards of living. Porter sought to address these concerns by proposing the theory of competitive advantage. National strategy is based upon the application of smart and prudent methods. Governments should have clear and precise goals which encourage investment and business growth. Porter argued that labor intensive industries lead to the production of low level products and services (Suneja, 2002: Pg 113). Competitive advantage helps in knowledge acquisition, quality, innovation, and productivity. It creates highly efficient and effective industries that can eventually target the international market. Porter assumed that competitive advantage occurs in a systematic and methodical manner. An organization focuses on a single process or attribute in order to develop its capabilities. The systematic

Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Jazz - Essay Example The slaves bought with themselves their music traditions (Cooke, 7-9).  There were grand dinners and festivals arranged which featured the African dances in the city of New Orleans. Similar gatherings occurred in  New England  and  New York. The African music lacked the harmony present in the European music but the rhythms reflected the similarity of the two music genres (Cooke, 11-14). An increasing number of black musicians eventually learnt how to play various European instruments in the early 19th century, especially the  violin. The black slaves who had come as a result of the slave trade had by now learned the harmonic style of  European music  and incorporated it into their own music styles (Cooke, 14-28). Many historians agree to it that jazz began just prior to the 20th century and its birthplace is the city of New Orleans. Prior to the World War I, the Creole band which was a band of New Orlean black musicians toured many parts of the country and therefore, jazz music was introduced to many cities like this. The Dixieland band group created the very first example of Ned Orleans style jazz by recording the music. The very first Blues number was the â€Å"Dallas Blues† recorded in the year 1912. There were many hit songs from different musicians in the 1900’s including Saint Louis Blues by W.C Handy and Indiana by Ballard MacDonald. The latter was the first recording by the Dixieland jazz band. Until the 1950’s, jazz was considered as music intended mostly for dancing (Tyle). Jazz is more than hundred years old but the actual circumstances of the birth of this music are rarely known because the recordings of the first jazz band were lost and therefore it is difficult to assume as to how it sounded, but it is possible to create an account of its emergence by gathering scraps of tit bits and information pieces. Jazz music was different. In the beginning, many musicians had worried about the impact of Jazz on the young generation, as such

Attitude Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attitude Theories - Essay Example An example of the identification theory would be someone simply liking or disliking something because someone that they wish to establish a close relationship with feels like same way. The positive aspect of identification is that it can bring people together when they find they they have the same attitudes in regard to something specific. Many people may like the individuality of having their own behaviors and attitudes, while others may appreciate having someone to share it with. The negative aspect about this theory is that it disables some people from being able to make their own decisions and draw their own conclusions in concern of a specific topic. Even if they previously did not like something, they may change their attitude because the person they want to be close with feels differently. Another negative aspect to this theory is that if the person they are trying to get close to is no longer around, then there is no reason for that person to hold onto the attitude of someone else and they need to reform their own attitude. Unlike identification, cognitive dissonance is when a person is at odds with how they feel about something; there is an inconsistency in their beliefs, causing one idea to become the opposite of another idea (Festinger, 1957). The person becomes uncomfortable by holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously and attempt to change their attitudes to balance their ideas out. For example, if a person really wants something but is unable to obtain it, they criticize it, often with a lie or an assumption, because they are unable to get it. The components of cognitive dissonance include the person realizing that they have two contradicting beliefs; understanding and thus feeling uncomfortable that these two beliefs exist simultaneously; the person finds a means to rid themselves of one of the offending beliefs, so that they are left with only one. The positive aspect of cognitive dissonance is that the person understands that they

How population growth can spur economic prosperity and promote Research Paper

How population growth can spur economic prosperity and promote progress - Research Paper Example However, in this context it is worth mentioning that rapid rate of growth of population also creates negative effects upon the degree of growth of economies, by reducing the amount of effective labor force in the economy (National Research Council (U.S.), 1986, p. 47). There are several policy issues related to the process of creation of positive effects of higher population growth upon the process of economic prosperity and the process of promotion of economic growth. These policy issues are closely related to the generation of different fiscal as well as monetary policies which are undertaken by governments of developed, developing as well as less developed countries across the globe (Bloom et al., 2001, p. 6). One of the most important policies is creation of effective amount of natural and productive resources in the economy, so that the volume of excess of demand and thus rise in prices of goods and services do not happen in the concerned economy. This policy is largely abided by the government through effective increase in the volume of government expenditure on production processes. Also the monetary policy is implemented by the government in respect to creation of effective amount of money supply in the economy through creation of new empl oyment opportunities (Bloom et al., 2001, pp. 6-7).In this context, the policy which has been implemented in the USA, regarding the creation of larger number of jobs for the older people of the country, because of the fact that the mortality rate is very low in the country, has been highly significant (Bloom et al., 2001, p. 20). There are different ethical as well as legal issues in regard to the process of creating of progressive effects of population growth on economic growth. These ethical issues are related to large number of issues, including environmental issues, resource allocation and distributional issues,

Entrepreneurship Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Entrepreneurship Business Plan - Essay Example A wide range of SUVs, small cars, sedans and luxury vehicles will be marketed through the showroom of XXX Automobile. The objective of the business is to become one of the leaders in vehicle retailing market in Geneva. The operations of the business will be performed by an experienced management team. In order to ensure higher productivity, the business will take assistance from advisors and technical experts and thus can help to secure the business from possible risks. The start-up cost of the business is expected to be ? 3,850,000; majority of which will be collected by availing bank loans. The major drivers for success of the business will be quality products with reasonable price and better customer service. XXX Automobile plans to be a start-up car dealership business. XXX Automobile will intend to serve vehicles for middle class and upper class markets. The business is planned to be commenced in the downtown of Geneva in Switzerland City considering the fact that the market of Geneva is untapped and there is high potentiality for car business in that region. People in Switzerland also desire for quality, stylish and world class vehicles. The developed economy of Switzerland along with increasing population and demand of vehicle can increase the probability of success for the business by a considerable extent. The paper describes a detailed business plan for opening vehicle showroom in Geneva city of Switzerland. The objective of the paper is to develop a structured planning for marketing, finance and other significant aspects in order to commence the showroom for demanded vehicles. The paper has also considered the market of automobile along with personnel strategy to conduct the business effectively and ensure profitability. 2.0 Business Description XXX Automobile is expected to be operating as the authorised dealer of Volkswagen Group. The showroom will provide sales and services of new models of Volkswagen. The business will also attempt to procure car s directly from Volkswagen and sell through the showroom to the people of Geneva maintaining a direct supply chain connection with the producer. Therefore, the vision of the business will be to become one of the top-rated Volkswagen dealers in Geneva. The mission of XXX Automobile will be to gain and empower customer loyalty by delivering quality products, services and professional assistance to the customers. The major drivers of the business would be: To manage the threat of other competitors of XXX Automobile through effective advertisements and promotion To deliver products on schedule To control the budget To manage the expenses of business To provide superior customer service To maintain strong network with customers and other business associates 2.1 Business Opportunity The Swiss automobile market has remained resilient throughout the first quarter of 2012 and experienced increase of car registration by 9% than the previous year. The sales of passenger vehicles have demonstra ted strong

Should gay marriage be legalize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should gay marriage be legalize - Essay Example I support the legalization of gay marriages because of their similarity to heterosexual marriages, are determined by uncontrollable biological forces, and have existed in human societies through the course of time. Gay marriages are founded on nearly the same kind of principles that underpin heterosexual marriages. These marriages manifest the characteristics of company, support, and love, which are also fundamental in heterosexual marriages. Gay marriages resemble normal marriages and only differ due to the involvement of people of the same sex. According to those who hold on this opinion, marriage is supposed to help people to adjust to the realities of life and enjoy the company of each other (Baird and Stuart 50). Gay couples usually insist that they are happy in the company of each other and that they would not wish or aspire for any other alternative. Regarding the issue of having children, supporters of gay marriages insist that children are not fundamental to the success of a marriage. They contend that children could be adopted if the gay couples really need them in their marriage. The bonds that hold gay marriages are determined by uncontrollable biological factors. ... They contend they comprise of a minority group in the society and must be protected by the normal laws that safeguard the rights of the minority. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) argues that opposing or outlawing their marriages is an infringement on gay people’s rights and liberties (Stockland and James 13). The society must, therefore, learn to tolerate them and treat them as part of the social system. Gay marriages have existed from historical periods to the current age. They existed during the current centuries and the old world accommodated them within their own structures (Eskridge and Spedale 143). Their argument is that gay relationships and gay marriages are a reality of life and must be accommodated in any society. According to them, the ancient world accommodated gay relationships because the societies at that time could draw a line between individual rights and social realities. They argue that the society has not had any problems resulting from gay relationsh ips. Statistics indicate that about 9 million Americans fall within the category of gay, lesbian, or other orientations that do not conform to conventional morality (Wardle 97). Support for the legalization of gay marriages is because the high statistics of gay people shows that their existence in the society is a fact that cannot be wished away. As such, their rights must be safeguarded and respected by the dominant heterosexual population. However, those who oppose the legalization of gay marriages argue that these marriages have the capacity of eroding the social fabric. They argue that human actions and behavior must be guided by the nature. Naturally, marriages should only be allowed between men and women. Those who

The rate of photosynthesis Essay Example for Free

The rate of photosynthesis Essay Introduction: Photosynthesis is the trapping of carbon dioxide and its subsequent reduction to carbohydrate, using hydrogen from water. Hexose sugars and starch are commonly formed so the following equation is often used: light energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide water chlorophyll carbohydrate oxygen Photosynthesis consists of two stages: These are the light-dependent reactions, for which light energy is necessary, and the light independent reactions series of light-dependent reactions that are temperature-independent and a series of temperature-dependent reactions that are light-independent. The rate of the first series, called the light reaction, can be increased by increasing light intensity (within certain limits) but not by increasing temperature. In the second series, called the dark reaction, the rate can be increased by increasing temperature (within certain limits) but not by increasing light intensity Photosynthesis involves the production of oxygen, and the uptake of carbon dioxide. These can be used as a measure of the rate of photosynthesis. This experiment will be an investigation into the photosynthetic rate, the rate at which plants produce all their own organic substances (food) using only light energy and simple inorganic substances. The rate of photosynthesis is dependent on environmental factors, particularly the amount of light available, the level of carbon dioxide and the temperature. The effect of these factors can be tested experimentally by altering one of these factors while holding others constant. We know that light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature are three factors that can determine the rate of photosynthesis. If the level of one of these factors is changed, rate of photosynthesis changes. Normally, only changes to one of the factors will affect the rate of photosynthesis in a plant at a time. This is the factor that is nearest to its minimum, the limiting factor. Changing the limiting factor increases or decreases the rate, but changes to the other factors have no effect. This is because photosynthesis is a complex is a complex involving many steps. The overall rate of photosynthesis in a plant is determined by the rate of whichever step is proceeding most slowly at a particular time. This is called the rate-limiting step. The three limiting factors affect different rate-limiting steps. Carbon dioxide concentration: At low and medium CO2 concentrations, the rate-limiting step in the Calvin cycle is the point where CO2 is fixed to produce glycerate 3-phosphate. Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) and NADPH accumulate. At high CO2 concentrations some other factor is limiting. Light intensity: At low light intensities, there is a shortage of the products of the light-dependant reactions NADPH and ATP. The point where glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced is the rate-limiting step in the Calvin cycle. At high light intensities some other factor is limiting. Temperature: At low temperatures, all of the enzymes that catalyse the reactions of the Calvin cycle work slowly. NADPH accumulates. At intermediate temperatures, some other factor is limiting. At high temperatures, RuBP carboxylase does not work effectively, so the rate-limiting step in the Calvin cycle is the point where CO2 is fixed. NADPH accumulates. Research question: How does altering the carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis? Prediction: I predict that the rate of photosynthesis is positively related with CO2 concentration. I predict that increasing the CO2 concentration will increase the rate of photosynthesis proportionally to it. Applied to my experiment, that means the higher the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution concentration (which provides the CO2 for the cress disks in order to photosynthesize), the faster oxygen is produced as a waste product and the faster the cress discs rise to the top of the beaker. Variables The independent variable: Carbon dioxide concentration: Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was used to provide the CO2 for the cress disks in order to photosynthesize. In the experiment different NaHCO3 concentrations were made up using pure NaHCO3 solution and distilled water, always making up 60cm3 of liquid. Controlled Variables: Light intensity: A bench lamp was used as the light source in the experiment. It was always constantly placed 5cm above the liquid surface so that the same amount of light falls on the beaker with the cress disks inside the hydrogen carbonate solution for every experiment. Temperature: The temperature should stay constant for all of the carried out experiments, room temperature of about 20 °C being the case. Dependent variable: Amount of oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis produced: In the experiment we didnt measure the amount of oxygen produced directly. Instead a stop watch was used to monitor how long it took for the individual cress disks to rise to the top of the beaker. Being the dependent variable, the time it took for cress disks to rise at different NaHCO3 concentrations, was the recorded data. In the experiment the NaHCO3 solution enters the air spaces of the cress disks. As it provides the cress disks with the CO2, say the higher the NaHCO3 concentration meant the more oxygen is produced as a waste product of photosynthesis. The quicker the cress disks rose to the top of the beaker means that more oxygen is produced during photosynthesis. Apparatus 1 Plastic straw 3 Small Beakers (100cm) 2 Plastic Syringes (20cm) 1 Plastic Syringe (10cm) 1 stopwatch 1 Thermometer 1 cress plant Method 1. Use a plastic straw to punch out 5 discs from the cotyledons of the cress plants provided. Do this by placing a finger underneath the cotyledon to support it. Keep the discs in the straw for the moment. 2. The plunger from a 10cm3 plastic syringe was removed. Then I placed a finger over the nozzle and approximately half-filled the syringe with sodium  hydrogen carbonate solution. Gently blow the discs from the straw into the syringe. I replace the plunger, inverted the syringe and then pushed the plunger up far enough to expel the air from the syringe. 3. Place a finger over the nozzle of the syringe and gently pull out the plunger a short distance (past a 3cm3 distance on the syringe barrel). This procedure was done in order to pull the air out of the air spaces of the cress discs and replace it with the surrounding solution. I had to hold the plunger at this position for a few seconds to make sure the air really gets pulled out the discs air spaces, and then removed my finger from the nozzle. 4. Repeat this procedure twice more. Tap the syringe barrel between each evacuation. At this stage the discs should sink. If this does not happen repeat the evacuation process. 5. Use pure sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and distilled water in order to always make up 60cm3 liquid of different NaHCO3 concentrations Using two 20cm3 plastic syringes for each the pure sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and the distilled water, the needed quantities are given into a beaker to make up the wanted NaHCO3 concentrations. 6. Then the syringe plunger was removed and the contents are tipped into the beaker. 7. Check that the discs have sunk to the bottom and if not remove and discard those ones. A minimum of 4 sunken discs is required in order to have sufficient data for the experiment. 8. The beaker with the contents is placed immediately under a bench lamp. This has to stand not more than 5 cm above the solutions surface but so that it still allows one to see the discs. 9. The bench lamp is turned on and the stopwatch is started. The discs are observed until they have all risen to the surface. The time in seconds it takes for each disc to rise is recorded. 10. This procedure is repeated using different concentrations of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. Results The following tables show the amount of time (in seconds) it took for the discs under different NaHCO3 concentrations to rise to the water surface. Every experiment was done twice in order to account for reliability of the first results. Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 10 cm of NaHCO3 10 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 50 cm H2O 1st reading per seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds disc 1 524 502 513.0 disc 2 592 575 583.5 disc 3 642 618 630.0 disc 4 680 658 668.5 disc 5 767 698 732.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 20 cm of NaHCO3 20 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 40 cm H2O 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds . disc 1 387 362 374.5 disc 2 428 401 414.5 disc 3 470 452 461.0 disc 4 502 486 494.0 disc 5 544 587 565.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 30 cm of NaHCO3 30 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 30 cm H2O 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds disc 1 265 282 273.5 disc 2 279 336 307.5 disc 3 360 398 379.0 disc 4 446 458 452.0 disc 5 507 532 519.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 40 cm of NaHCO3 40 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 20 cm H2O 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds . Average in seconds disc 1 313 301 307.0 disc 2 354 360 357.0 disc 3 378 401 389.0 disc 4 428 476 452.0 disc 5 487 498 492.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 50 cm of NaHCO3 50 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 10 cm H2O 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds disc 1 263 282 272.5 disc 2 287 299 293.0 disc 3 343 318 330.5 disc 4 398 419 408.5 disc 5 456 443 449.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 60 cm of NaHCO3 60 cm pure NaHCO3 solution 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds disc 1 259 245 252.0 disc 2 265 271 268.0 disc 3 303 288 295.5 disc 4 313 302 295.5 disc 5 319 311 315.0 Table showing 1/time for the different NaHCO3 solutions (CO2 concentration) 1st run Concentration of CO2 (NaHCO3 solution in cm3) 1 / time it takes for disc 1 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 2 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 3 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 4 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 5 to rise to surface in seconds Average of 1 / time for the 5 disks Concentration of CO2 (NaHCO3 solution in cm3) 1 / time it takes for disc 1 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 2 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 3 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 4 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 5 to rise to surface in seconds Average of 1 / time for the 5 disks Average Concentration of CO2 (NaHCO3 solution in cm3) 1 / time it takes for disc 1 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 2 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 3 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 4 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 5 to rise to surface in seconds Average of 1 / time for the 5 disks Comments on results As one can see from the tables, in general the time it takes for the cress discs to rise to the surface of the beaker decreases as the concentration of NaHCO3 increases. In average, when 10cm3 of NaHCO3 where used, disc 1 rose after 513.0 seconds, disc 5 after 732.5 seconds. When 60cm of NaHCO3 where it took only 252.0 seconds for disc 1, and 315.0 seconds for disc 5 to rise. The basic pattern that as NaHCO3 concentration increases the time for the discs to come to the top decreases can be seen. This would mean that more oxygen is produced by the leaf discs as NaHCO3 concentration increases, and as a result the time to rise to the top decreases. As oxygen production can be used as a measure of photosynthesis, in taking the time of how long it takes for the discs to come to the surface, we get values that are proportional to the oxygen production. One can therefore calculate the rate of photosynthesis by dividing 1 over the average time it took for the discs to rise to the top. From the results table above the general pattern that the rate of photosynthesis increases as the concentration of CO2 (NaHCO3) is raised. At a CO2 concentration when 10cm3 NaHCO3 are used the rate of photosynthesis is 0.0016223. At a CO2 concentration when 60cm3 NaHCO3 are used the rate of photosynthesis is 0.00352848. However the table shows that at a CO2 concentration when 40cm3 NaHCO3 were used the average rate is 0.0025744 which is lower than at 30cm3 NaHCO3 which gave a rate of 0.00273684. This explains the little dink in the graph at the CO2 concentration of 40cm3 NaHCO3 before the line continues to go up again from a CO2 concentration of 50cm3 NaHCO3. The graph very well displays that the rate of photosynthesis increases fairly quickly as the CO2 concentration is increased and that the line is starting to level off at higher CO2 concentrations. Analysis My results clearly show that the average time it takes for the cress discs to rise decreases as the concentration of NaHCO3 increases. This is because the higher the CO2 concentration the higher the rate of photosynthesis. As a result of the photosynthetic rate increasing, the production of oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis increases as well. As the cress discs produce oxygen quicker at higher CO2 concentrations that means the oxygen will make the discs rise quicker. With more oxygen produced the buoyancy of the cress discs increases and this leads to the discs floating to the top of the beaker. With the discs rising faster and indicating that the amount of oxygen produced increases with higher CO2 concentration, will mean that the rate of photosynthesis increases as well. My results support this statement, too. My graph shows that at low to fairly high CO2 concentrations the rate of photosynthesis is positively correlated with CO2 concentration. This implies for my graph except for the CO2 concentration of 40cm3 which is therefore clearly an anomalous result. The graph also shows that at high CO2 concentrations the rate of photosynthesis is slowing down and moving towards a plateau. This is because at high CO2 concentrations there is some other factor limiting the rate of photosynthesis. Conclusion In general my results support my hypothesis that the rate of photosynthesis is positively related with CO2 concentration. My results from experiment have shown that at higher CO2 concentrations more oxygen is produced by the cress discs. This oxygen will make them rise to the surface more quickly as the leaf discs buoyancy increases. My results table and graph show that at constant light intensities and temperature, the rate of photosynthesis initially increases with an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide, but is starting to reach a plateau at higher concentrations. At low concentrations of carbon dioxide, the supply of carbon dioxide is the rate-limiting factor. At higher concentrations of carbon dioxide, other factors such as light intensity and temperature are rate limiting. The rate of photosynthesis is determined by the rate-limiting step which is the step that is proceeding most slowly at a time. At low to medium CO2 concentrations, the rate-limiting step in the Calvin cycle is the point where CO2 is fixed to produce glycerate 3-phosphate. RuBP and NADPH accumulate. The plateau on my graph however shows that at higher CO2 concentrations some other factor is limiting, meaning either light intensity or temperature are too low for the rate of photosynthesis to increase further. To the extent that the rate of photosynthesis increases as the rate of CO2 concentration increases, my prediction overlaps with my results. However my results have also shown me the fact that this relationship doesnt continue like that forever. Having done this experiment, has shown me that the rate of photosynthesis increases with increasing CO2 but is limited by the factor which is nearest to its lowest value. Accuracy of observations In general, the accuracy of the equipment is very good, however, for each of them there is some element of inaccuracy in terms of the readings to be made this also includes the human element in making the reading. For the most  accurate results, the reading has to be made with the scale being on eye level. The 20cm plastic syringes have an accuracy of + 0.5cm3; the beakers as well show an accuracy of + 0.5cm3. The 10cm3 syringes however are accurate to + 0.25cm3 Thus for all the solutions we have to assume that the maximum error of the readings made could be + 1.25cm, which is very important. Improvements to method: Even though, the method could be improved still. One issue for instance that could be used to slightly improve the method and thus the accuracy of the results would be to use a water bath in order to make sure that the experiment is conducted under generally stable conditions as for this will ensure that the temperature stays the same throughout the whole experiment. This would be of great importance for conducting an experiment which implies of temperature being one of the limiting factors. Using a water bath one could also set up the experiment in a way that the oxygen produced as waste product of photosynthesis could be directly collected under water. Evaluation and anomalous results In general the method wasnt changed much to the preliminary work. However, in my preliminary work I first used a total amount of 100cm3 NaHCO3 solution to make up the different NaHCO3 concentrations. This showed that when low NaHCO3 concentrations (little pure NaHCO3 being used) were used, it took more than 10minutes for the cress discs to rise to the surface of the beaker. This is simply too long and wouldnt have given me enough time to do sufficient repeats of the experiment. Thats why I decided to reduce the total amount of NaHCO3 solution used to 60cm3. I think that my results have shown that a general pattern can be seen. The collected data, illustrated in tables and diagrams backs up my prediction.  However the reliability is not too strong, as significant differences can be seen in the time taken for the discs to rise, especially at a NaHCO3 concentration of 40cm3. Throughout the experiment the same plastic straw was used to cut discs out from cress leaves. The plastic straw had a diameter of about 4mm, meaning that all cress discs had the same diameter throughout the investigation. However other variations in the size of the cress discs could have occurred. For example the thickness of the cress leaves might have varied, resulting in thicker and thinner and cress discs between experiments. These structural differences might have accounted for the anomalous results but also for the significant differences in the time it took for the discs to come up to the surface, between run 1 and 2 of the same concentration. A factor that wasnt particularly controlled at all was temperature. The light source of the investigation was a simple bench lamp. As I have observed the light bulb got really hot after a few minutes of usage. This would mean that at the beginning, namely the very first concentration of the first experiment wouldnt have been affected by the light bulb. However by the time the next concentration was used the light bulb was already hot. This would have resulted in the heat that given off by the light bulb to increase the temperature of the NaHCO3 solution the seed discs were floating in. Even further as the time it took for discs to rise varied with different NaHCO3 concentrations means that the time the NaHCO3 solution exposed to the heat given off by the light bulb varied, too. This means the temperature of the different NaHCO3 solutions must have varied as well. As temperature is one of the limiting factors of photosynthesis this could have had significant effects on the experiment. Temperature being higher at some NaHCO3 concentrations means that the reaction of photosynthesis must have taken place faster, resulting in a faster production of oxygen, meaning that the cress discs rose to the surface quicker. In addition there are some anomalous results found in the graph. However, the graph shows a trough at a CO2 concentration of 40cm NaHCO. This should not be the case; the line should go up further and then level off properly. My graph however doesnt show a clear plateau which should be seen when high CO2 concentrations have been reached as slowly no more oxygen can be produced in the same time. Optimally at low to fairly high CO2 concentrations the graph should show that the rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to CO2 concentration. These factors could be down to the fact mentioned earlier that the cress discs might have been of different structures, e.g. thicker and therefore affected the experiment. However I think that one also has to consider the fact that the experiment involved living organisms. Just like human beings, plants dont always act in an expected way. This is what essentially makes biology interesting in that the expected is not always happening. In doing this experiment we were measuring the time it took for cress discs to rise to the surface of a beaker at different NaHCO3 concentrations. In doing so we were effectively trying to collect data, namely time, which is proportional to the production of oxygen of the seed discs in order to get information about the rate of photosynthesis. The seed discs producing more oxygen meant that they would rise faster. Oxygen being a by-product of photosynthesis can be used to get a picture of the rate of photosynthesis of a plant. So ideally an experiment carried out measure the amount of this oxygen production would be better designed to get an indication of the rate of photosynthesis of a plant. The oxygen collection would take place in water; a water bath could be used for example.

Corporate Culture of Toyota

Corporate Culture of Toyota Toyota is one of the worlds biggest automobile producers; trade over 9 million models in 2006 on all over the world. Top 10 wealth Global 500 project, Toyota grades among the worlds leading worldwide corporations and is superior to be the most well-liked automaker. A success of the company is to that they the commitment to customer happiness. Toyota has been created by a set of values and principles that have their line in the companys formative years in Japan. Toyota gives the new thought of cars is about dreams, feeling and motivation. They are a single ability for Toyota to say where the aim is heading, and to prove its customers what they map in the mind as well as in future, but the fact is that Toyota engineer theres a lot more too automotive design than dreaming up what you want your car to look like on the outside. Designers have to work closely with engineers, production plants, and marketing specialists to create a car that is not only beautiful, but that will sell and is practical to own. Toyota company changes their model in every 3rd year, whereas other companies changes their models in every 5th year. History: According to the internet website Sakichi Toyoda, a productive creator, formed the Toyoda Automatic Loom Company founded on his innovative designs, one of which was approved to a British concern for 1 million yen; this money was utilized to help found Toyota Motor Company, which was maintained by the Japanese government partly because of the military purposes. The Japanese relied on overseas trucks in the war in Manchuria, but with the hopelessness, money was limited. Domestic invention would decrease costs, offer jobs, and create the country more self-governing. By 1936, just after the first victorious Toyoda vehicles were manufactured, Japan demanded that any automakers selling in the country needed to have a majority of stockholders from Japan, along with all officers, and stopped nearly all imports. (Article by Konrad Schreier) Toyodas car operations were placed in the hands of Kiichiro Toyoda, Sakichi Toyodas son; they started experimenting with two cylinder engines at first, but ended up copying the Chevrolet 65-horsepower straight-six, using the same chassis and gearbox with styling copied from the Chrysler Airflow. The first engine was produced in 1934 (the Type A), the first car and truck in 1935 (the Model A1 and G1, respectively), and its second car design in 1936 (the model AA). In 1937, Toyota Motor Company was split off. From 1936 to 1943, only 1,7,57 cars were made 1,404 sedans and 353 phaetons (model AB), but Toyoda found more success building trucks and busses. (Some of these early details are from http://www.geocities.com/toyotageek/) The Toyota KB, a 44 produced starting in 1941, was a two-ton truck similar to the prewar KC; it had a loading capacity of 1.5 tons and could run up to about 43 mph. The GB was based on the peacetime, 1.5 ton G1 truck, which in turn was based on the Model A1 cars. (From global spec). The first Toyoda truck was roughly a one-ton to one and a half-ton design, conventional in nature, using (after 1936) an overhead valve six-cylinder engine that appears to have been a clone of the Chevrolet engine of the time: indeed, a large number of parts were interchangeable, and Toyoda trucks captured in the war were serviced by the Allies with Chevrolet components. There was also a forty-horsepower four cylinder model, very similar to the six cylinders in design but rather underpowered for a truck with a full ton of capacity. Corporate culture: Corporate culture is a culture in which a term used to describe the joint principles, appeal systems, and process that offer a company with its own limited flavour and way. Businesses of all sizes posses some type of corporate culture, in that every company has a set of principles and goals that help to define what the business is all about. Here are some examples of rudiments that go into creating and defining a corporate culture. At the establishment of several company cultures are the values that preside over the function of the trade. These principles are typically expressed in terms of the policies and measures that describe how the company will function. This will take in how altered departments or functions recount to one another in the manufacture process, the queue of communication well-known among management and departmental workforce, and rules leading satisfactory behaviour of each one who is part of the company. This essential managerial society makes it probable to build up other layers of business culture based on these foundational factors. Toyotas Corporate Culture: The basic reason for Toyotas victory in the worldwide marketplace lies in its corporate attitude the set of rules and manners that run the use of its possessions. Toyota have profitably penetrated international markets and recognized a world-wide occurrence by good worth of its efficiency. The companys approach to both product development and distribution is very consumer-friendly and market-driven. Toyotas philosophy of empowering its workers is the attraction of a human resources management system that promotes creativity, continuous improvement, and innovation by encouraging employee participation and that likewise creates high levels of employee loyalty. Knowing that a workplace with high spirits and job satisfaction is more likely to produce reliable, high-quality products at affordable prices, Toyota have institutionalized many successful workforce practices. Toyota has done so not only in its own plants but also in supplier plants those were experiencing problems. While a lot of car manufacturer have earned a reputation for building high-class cars, they have been not capable to conquer Toyotas reward in human resource management, dealer networks and sharing systems in the highly reasonable car market. Much of Toyotas success in the globe markets is certified in a straight line to the synergistic recital of its policies in human resources management and supply-chain networks. Managing people: Toyota has taken various steps to build high performance teams: Stage 1: Orientation. The group needs strong way from the manager and must recognize the essential task, policy of commitment, and tools the members will use. Stage 2: Dissatisfaction. After leaving to job, the members find out it is harder than they thinking to work as a group. In this phase, they go on with to need strong path (structure) from the boss but also need a lot of communal maintain to get through the tough social dynamics they do not recognize. Stage 3: Integration. The collected group starts to build up a clearer image of the roles of various side members and begins to bring to tolerate manage over group processes. The head does not have to give much duty direction, but the group still wants a lot of public sustain. Stage 4: Production. The group become a high-performing team by their own and no longer they dependent on the leader. In a meeting, people do the similar mindless task frequently and are accountable only for a minute piece of overall manufactured goods. Toyota has attempted to augment jobs in a variety of ways. Some of the quality that make the job more inspiring take in job revolution, a variety of kinds of feedback on how workers are undertaking at their jobs, the andon system and important work group independence over the tasks. Toyota became involved in job enhancement in the 1990s and redesigned its congregation appearance so that the parts that make up a subsystem of the motor vehicle are installed in one particular area on the assembly line. Rather than a work group assembling electrical systems and then putting in floor mats and then door handles, a work group strength focus almost wholly on the electrical system under the cover. For white collar employees, Toyota organizes teams approximately complete projects from start to come to an end. For example, the plan of the interior of the car is the blame of one team from the plan stage from side to side production. Participation in the project from start to end enriches and empowers the member of staff. People are encouraged by demanding but achievable goals and measurement of advancement toward those goals. Toyotas visual management systems plus policy consumption means that teams always know how they are doing and are always functioning towards stretch development targets. Policy deployment sets demanding, stretch goals from the top to the bottom of the company. Careful capacity every day let work teams know how they are performing. A learning organization: According to internet when processes are steady, squander and inefficiencies become openly able to be seen, there is a chance to learn continually from improvement. To be a learning group, it is essential to have constancy of personnel, slow encouragement, and very suspicious succession systems to defend the managerial information base. To learn means having the ability to construct on the history and move forward incrementally, rather than starting over and reinventing the wheel with new personnel with each new task. The Toyota philosophy emphasises that accurate problem solving requires identifying the root grounds which often lies hidden away from the source. The answer lies in digging deeper by asking why the trouble occurred. The hardest part to find out is grasping the condition thoroughly before taking place with five-why analysis. Grasping the situation starts with observing the condition with an open mind and comparing the genuine situation to the measure. To clarify the problem, one must begin by going to where the problem is (genchi genbutsu). For Toyota, trouble solving is 20% tools and 80% judgment. For most other companies, it seems to be 80% tools and 20% thinking. A key to learning and increasing, not only within Toyota but in Japanese civilization, is Hansei, which generally means reflection. Hansei means reflection on the development of developing the vehicle. Hansei is the check stage of PDCA. It is used most often at the end of a vehicle program, but is being now moved addition al upstream so there are quite a lot of Hansei events at key junctures in the program. Conclusion: Becoming a lean enterprise involves a lot of hard work. The company should follow the recommend the following steps: Start with achievement in the technological system; follow quickly with cultural change. The social and technical systems of TPS are intertwined. If a company wants to change the culture, it must also develop true lean leaders who can reinforce and lead that cultural change. The best way a company can develop this is through action to improve the companys core value streams, supported by committed leaders who reinforce culture change. Start with value stream pilots to demonstrate lean as a system and provide a go see model. Within a value stream that defined by a product family. The model line should become a singularly focused project with a great deal of management attention and resources to make it a success. Use value stream mapping to develop future state visions and help learn to see. The team members learn together as they see the waste in the current state, and in the future state they come together to figure out how to apply the lean tools and philosophy. Value stream mappin g should be applied only to specific product families that will be immediately transformed. Use kaizen workshops to teach and make rapid changes. Using a talented and experienced facilitator who has a deep understanding of lean tools and philosophy with a specific problem to tackle makes all the difference in what can be accomplished. However, the kaizen workshop should not become an end in itself. Kaizen workshops are best used as one tool to implement specific improvements guided by a future state value stream map. Organize around value streams. In most organizations, management is organized by process or function. In a factory, there may be the paint department, the assembly department, and the maintenance department. Value stream managers have complete responsibility for the value stream and can answer the customer. Someone with real leadership skills and a deep understanding of the product and process must be responsible for the process of creating value for customers and must be accountable to the customer. Make it mandatory. If a company looks at lean transformation as a nice thing to do in any spare time or as voluntary, it will simply not happen.

Electronic Waste Popularly Known As E Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

Electronic Waste Popularly Known As E Waste Environmental Sciences Essay Electronic waste, popularly known as e-waste can be defined as electronic equipment or products connecting with power plug or batteries which have become obsolete due to advancement in technology, changes in fashion, style and status. E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). This includes discarded computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the most emerging issues that has caught the attention of various parties including policy makers, non-governmental organization (NGO) and the general public globally. This growing concern is due to the ever increasing volume of e-waste being generated resulting in activities such as collecting, dismantling and disposal of e-waste that has caused environmental pollutions and adverse impact on public health (Rosnani, 2010). E-waste in Malaysia is being regulated under the Environmental Quality Act (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 that came into effect on 15 August 2005 (Rosnani, 2010). The inclusion of e-waste the 2005 regulation is to adequately control the management of these wastes generated in the country as well as to enable Malaysia to disallow importation of used electrical and electronic equipment either for refurbishment or recovery only for short term usage, following which equipment is disposed off. Today, it is frequently cheaper and more convenient to buy new machine to accommodate the newer generations of technology than it is to upgrade the old. Expanding e-waste especially mobile phone and computer in all kind of sectors causing the increasing of the quantity of e-waste. E-waste contains significant quantities of toxic waste. Each computer or television display monitor contains an average of 4-8 pounds of lead. Monitor glass contain about 20% lead by weight. About 70% of heavy materials like mercury and cadmium found in landfill come from electronic equipment discard (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). These heavy metals and other hazardous substances found in electronic can contaminate groundwater and pose other environmental and public health. Moreover, the health impacts of the mixtures and material combination in the products often are not known (Noraida, 2010). The production of semiconductors printed circuit board, disk drives and monitors used particularly hazardous chemical. Therefore, one of the objective of this study is to find out the applicable management of e-waste around the world and their effects to human health. There are various issues of concerns with regard to e-waste disposal and recycling. This research proposal overview the issues specifically related to the export for recycling. Particularly, it discusses documented effects on human health and the environment that have been tied to unsafe recycling practices in developing countries. It also provides an overview of various factors necessary to be understand why e-waste disposal has become a concern on each countries. Therefore, it is important to have a good e-waste management in order to ensure that it will not harm to human and environment. If we not do the recycling, these e-waste will be disposed off. There are several methods to dispose e-waste either landfill or incinerator or open burning. However, if we look at to it closely, all this method will give negative impacts to human and environment. Other than that, problem related to facilities and location of e-waste disposal is occurring. When we landfill the e-waste, it will contaminate groundwater. If we incinerate e-waste, it will produce hazardous smelt and left hazardous residue. If we recycle the e-waste, it will harm the recycle team. Lastly, we export the e-waste to other country (Noraida, 2010). Now, we have no choice and scientist today should do more research on these problem. E-waste management need to fulfill different objectives which go beyond pure technical implementation. Especially in developing countries and countries in transition, which a lacking legal and institutional framework, as well as missing infrastructure, e-waste management demands for a comprehensive and structural approach. This has been echoed by various international organizations and initiatives, including the United Nation Developing Organization (UNIDO), the United Nation Environment Programmed (UNEP), the Basel convention, the Solving the e-Waste Problem (StEP). Several development cooperation project adopted a three step approach.  [1]   Understand the current framework condition Developing a structured strategy in a multi-stakeholder approach Implementing the strategy through a roadmap with assigned responsibilities and a timeframe The research will give beneficial to all community. Government can either try to avoid all the methods that can give negative impacts or if not, just look for the better management we have around the world that also included in this proposal. It also can give public awareness for those concerns. . It is hoped that these research proposal will assist in the better understanding and management of e-waste and a prompt action can be taken by the government to improve what we have now before it is too late. Objective to find out the issues and challenges on developing and implementing e-waste management To find out the applicable management of e-waste around the world and their effects to human health. To study the recommended actions that can be taken to tackles the e-waste issues Literature review Examining E-waste Related Legislations and Regulations In its list of recommendations to combat illegal dumping of E-waste, the Basel Action Network (BAN) urges governments to pressure manufacturers to remove toxic chemicals from products as soon as possible. BAN also calls on strict enforcement of the Basel Convention  [2]  and lauds Australia for its efforts in that regard (Michael, 2012). Regarding issues in Australia, it requires full testing of electronic waste to certify that it complies with the Basel Convention before it is exported. The BAN report on dumping in Lagos calls the U.S. the worst actor among developed countries that perpetuate dumping of hazardous waste in developing nations. Other place, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection state that cathode ray tube no longer be accepted at transfer stations, landfills or landfill operators or a penalty of USD 25000 for each offense (Iswalah, 2008). Transboundary movement of hazardous waste is con-trolled by the Basel Convention, which entered into forcein 1992.  [3]   In Malaysia, government legislations have been introduce to control this situation. First under Environment Quality Act !974 Sect. 18(1). There are; E-Waste classified as Scheduled Waste and given the code of SW 110 E-Waste can only be handled by licensed contractors. Act enforced by Department of Environment. Enforcement-oriented rather than Facilitation-oriented. (PEWOG, 2009)  [4]   Second is under Public Cleansing and Solid Waste Management Act (2007), it state that all waste belongs to the government or its contractor (PEWOG, 2009). The question is the present of collection and processing activities illegal because all waste belongs to the government or its contractors. Then, confusion and uncertainty begin to float. Besides using the Environmental Quality Act (1974) to manage these wastes, the DOE is also using the Custom Order (Prohibiton of Import/Export) Order 2008 to control the importation and export of e waste (Ong, 2009). 2. Issues And Challenges On Developing And Implementing 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) There are several methods to manage all these e-waste materials. The most safe, encourage and cheapest is by 3R that are reduce, reuse and recycling. it can be summarized as follows (Hawari and Hassan, 2008) : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduce: attempt to reduce the amount of waste generated reduce/eliminate use of toxic substances like lead and mercury. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reuse: repeated use of items or parts of items which are still usable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recycle: use of waste itself as resource Since e-waste recycling is largely unregulated, accurate data regarding the end markets, both domestic and abroad, are not publicly available. Therefore, it is difficult to know how much e-waste that is collected for recycling is actually exported for processing (Linda, 2010). In the waste management hierarchy, 3R is high on the priority list and country analysis paper by Malaysia in one of its forum  [5]  state that Malaysia is capitalizing on technologies which are environmentally friendly, proven and cost effective to enhances its 3R programmers and activities in the country. The analysis paper also state that the construction, operation and maintenance of plants using such technologies involves high capital and cost. The banking sector is quite reluctant to provide the financial support especially when new technologies are involved. We still have weakness in recycling system around the world. The infrastructure like network of waste collection, transportation, and sorting activities is still being developed. Then proceed to the actual processing on the e-waste, if compared to recycling of paper, glass, and plastic, the process is more costly and expensive. Most local authorities in Malaysia did not have a sound financial resources to pay for all the new technologies carried out to treat and dispose the waste. Without the federal government intervention or commitment to provide the bridging finance, the introduction of environmentally friendly and modern technology will face an uphill task.  [6]   Then other problem on the situation when e-waste may be processed domestically after collection is also limited. A company that operates as a recycler may actually be a waste consolidator that sends the waste to another vendor. Those downstream vendors may separate the units for reuse, ship whole units abroad for processing, or process it domestically to some other uses (Linda, 2010). Good news is the electronics manufacturers are currently driven by various forces to make their products more easily recyclable and with fewer hazardous constituents.  [7]  Any future changes to electronic devices have no impact, however, on the hundreds of millions of devices currently in use or obsolete devices currently in storage (Linda, 2010). Eventually those devices will make their way to the disposal or recycling markets. Disposal (Incineration, Open Burning Or Landfilling) Incineration means destroy something especially waste material by burning. It is associated with a major risk of generating and dispersing contaminants and toxic substances (Mathias, 2010). The gases released during the burning and the residue ash is often toxic. Municipal solid waste (MSW) state that incineration plants have shown that copper, which is present in printed circuit boards and cables, act as catalyst for dioxin formation when flame retardants are incinerated (Gongkia, 2000). At this time incineration of toxic e-waste is taking place without much restriction around the world, especially in poorer countries. Incineration of electronic waste should be the last resort and should be at a minimum if not completely banned (April, 2010). Same goes to open burning which releases many pollutants into environment Since open fires burn at relatively low temperatures, they release many more smoke than in a controlled incineration process (Hawari and Hassan, 2010) When we landfill the e-waste, the problems comes by the leachate produces. It is often contains heavy metals and other toxic substances which can contaminate ground and water resources. Even state-of-the-art landfills which are sealed to prevent toxins from entering the ground are not completely tight in the long-term (Singh et al., 2012). Significant impacts from landfilling could be avoided by conditioning hazardous materials from e-waste separately and by landfilling only those fractions for which there are no further recycling possibilities and ensure that they are in state-of-the-art landfills that respect environmentally sound technical standards (Gongkia, 2000) Export In America, according to National Safety Council (1999), currently the cheapest e-waste recycling option in the US is to send e-waste overseas (McCarthy, 2002). According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), up to 80% of American recycle e-waste is exported to poorer countries. However , how it is used or disposed of there is largely unknown (McCarthy, 2002). Example in Guiyu  [8]  , China, the PCs and peripherals forming mountain and overflowing into streets, with its people making a living stripping away PC part with their bare hands. Ministry of environment in India showed no results concerning report of e-waste, but the ministry admits that a 100% controls of the borders is not possible. What complicate the problem is that computer waste, which does not have any resale or reuse value, is openly burnt or disposed off in landfills. Although it is difficult to know exactly how much e-waste collected for recycling is exported, it appears that India or developing countries in Asia or Africa are most likely to receive e-waste. In these area, children and adults are not wearing safety to dismantle the e-waste in order to sell salvageable items. The rest of the materials are burned or buried. In Ghana, China and India, many of the workers are children, maybe substantially exposed to these hazardous materials (Kevin, 2007)  [9]  . 3. Management of E-waste in Malaysia. Malaysia has been putting a lot of effort to eradicate this problem before it gets persistent and out of control. The Recycle PC campaign, spearheaded by the Association of the Computer and Multimedia Industry of Malaysia (PIKOM) and waste management company Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd  [10]  , is picking up steam since its launch in march 2005 (Vatis, 2005). This campaign aims to create environmental awareness by encouraging the public and organisations to recycle PCs and the peripherals. Between the period of March 10 and April 30, 2005, Alam Flora has collected 816 computers and peripherals. This includes 194 computer monitors, 147 central processing units (CPUs) 428 printers, and 47 miscellaneous PC components (Karim, 2005) Panasonic Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. is among the first corporations to answer the call to recycle when it handed over 60 used PCs and laptops to Alam Flora within a week from launching the PC recycling campaign. The Japanese technology giant also pledged to donate more PCs to the Recycle PC campaign each time its embarks on a PC upgrading exercise. Alam Flora has assigned collection points and recycling centers all over the country for people to drop off their old PCs (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). Malaysia is not a destination for others countries put their e-waste. The non-systematic exporting and disposal of e-waste will give threat to our environment. Because of that, Department of Environmental is undergoing a research on take back policy specifically for encourage the producer companies to take back the electric and electronic that do not want to be used anymore for being recycle or dispose in safety ways (Douglas, 2010). Scrap computer/ television/ mobile phone and other e-waste Free/ sell Scrap collector Middlemen/ junkshops Recycling centres 2nd hand item Disposal facility Sell e-waste recylers Pre-treatment (separation) Scrap plastics/ others Raw materials Main board Electronic component Export market/ reassembling Local market Re-furnish/ recondition recycling Figure 1 : Materials flows of e-waste in Malaysia (Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2005) Currently, there are 138 e-waste recovery facilities in Malaysia. 16 out of them are the full recovery facilities and the other are the partial recovery facilities (Rahman, 2008). The main technology employed to recover e-wastes in terms of precious metal in Malaysia is still limited to wet chemical processes and electrolysis. State Partial recovery facility Full recovery facility Johor 17 3 Kedah 12 1 Melaka 12 3 Negeri Sembilan 5 1 Perak 4 0 Pulau Pinang 37 6 Sarawak 5 0 Selangor 25 2 Wilayah persekutuan 5 0 Total 122 16 Grand total 138 Table 1 : distribution of e-waste recovery facilities in Malaysia. (Rahman, 2008) But some of them that do not going to recycle are required to be transported by licensed contractors and dispose off in the centralized scheduled waste treatment and disposal facility in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. (Theng, L. C., 2008)  [11]   The Bukit Nanas Waste Management Centre in Bukit Pelanduk, Negeri Sembilan, has the countrys sole landfill for hazardous waste. Here waste that has been treated, stabilized and packed in drums or durable plastic bags are buried in the landfill. 4. Effects On Environment And Human Health According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), more than 3.2 million tons of e-waste ended up in us landfills. European studies estimate that the volume of e-waste is rising by 3% to 5% per year, almost three times faster than municipal waste stream. Therefore, early action needs in order to tackle this problem before it is going up in our country. From Basel Action Network (BAN), estimate that the 500 million computers in the world contain 2.87 billion kilogram of plastics, 716.7 million kilogram of lead and 286700 kilogram of mercury. Table 2 shows some of the hazardous material that contain in the computer and their effects to human and the environment. Hazardous material Location Effects Lead Soldering of printed circuit boards and other electronic component Glass panels in computer monitors (cathode rays tube) Damage to the central and peripheral nervous system, blood system and kidney in human. effects to the endocrine system negative effects on the development of the brain in children have been well documented (Howell, 2001). Cadmium SMD chip resistors, infrared detectors and semiconductors. Possible risk of irreversible effects on human health (Howell, 2001). Easily be accumulated in amounts that cause symptoms of poisoning Mercury Batteries, switches/ housing, and printed wiring board. Causes chronic damage to the brain. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Cabling and computer housing. Cause of dioxin  [12]  formation. Brominated Flame Retardant Printed circuit board act as endocrine disrupters cause an increased risk of cancer to the digestive and lymph systems reduce levels of the hormone thyroxin  [13]  in exposed animals. Table 2 : toxic chemicals contain and their effects (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). Various scientific observations indicate that polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) might act as endocrine disrupters. The levels of PBDEs in human breast milk are doubling every five years and this has prompted concern because of the effect of these chemicals in young animals (Howell, 2001) In addition, organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1993 state that hexavalent chromium also exists in some of e-waste. It can easily pass through membranes of cells. It causes strong allergic reactions even in small concentrations. Asthmatic bronchitis is another allergic reaction linked to chromium VI. Chromium VI may also cause DNA damage (Howell, 2001) The incineration, land-filling, and illegal dumping of electronic wastes all contribute toxic chemicals to the environment. Environmental impacts includes contamination of all local environmental media like soil, air, surface water and ground water. For example, the primary hazardous recycling operations in Guiyu involve; Metal recovery that involves in open burning of wires to obtain steel and copper, cathode ray tube cracking to obtain copper-laden yokes, disordering and burning of circuit boards to remove solder and chips, and acid stripping chips for gold. Plastic recycling through chipping and melting; and dumping of materials that cannot be further processed (such as leaded CRT glass and burned circuit boards) and residues from recycling operations such as ashes from open burn operations, spent acid baths, and sludges (Yan, et al, 2009). Children in Guiyu were found to have blood lead levels (BLL) that were significantly higher than those in the neighboring village. Elevated BLLs in Guiyu children were common as a result of exposure to lead contamination caused by primitive e-waste recycling activities (Xia, 2007). . Prevents Options To Tackle The E-wastes In this section, some actions that can be adopted are reviewed. Almost all of these actions have to be carried out simultaneously. Someof them are targeted to create a wider awareness amongst the end-users. Binding purchasing with take-back product responsibility The aim of extended producer responsibility is to encourage producers to prevent pollution and reduce resource and energy use in each stage of the product life cycle through changes in product design and process technology (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). Hence, the producers have a great deal of responsibility to take back their products and recycle them at the end of the products operational lives. It puts full financial responsibility on producers to set up collection, recycling and disposal systems. In Malaysia, suitable take scheme on e-waste will enhance the management of e-waste (Rahman, 2008). He state that Voluntary take back scheme of e-wastes has not been implemented widely by the producer/ importer of electronic and electrical equipment, hence a compulsory requirement of take back scheme through legislation is required. Campaign to increase awareness If E-waste causes problems, the first priority should be to reduce its generation. In this regard, consumers in exporting countries should change their lifestyles (Moriguchi et al, 2006) Other we can do by giving some reward to the public to encourage them involve in 3R and the reward is not necessary in kind of money (Iswalah, 2008). The end-user should contact the local or state government representatives, explain to them why he or she is concerned and ask them to get involved in developing solutions (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations, and lower-income families can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could not afford (Hawari and Hassan, 2008). Swiss Association for the Information, Communication and Organizational Technologies (SWICO) system This system compared to other is one of the most best management of e-waste nowadays.The system considers material flows related to electronic equipment from the point where it becomes waste until the point where the fractions resulting from sorting, dismantling, recycling and disposal processes become secondary raw materials or are disposed of in a landfill (Doka, 2003). So, how its work? According to Muller and Esther (2009), Manual dismantling is the first step, more traditional way to separate hazardous materials from recyclable materials, and to generate recyclable materials from electronic waste. In a pre-sorting process, the incoming e-waste first is separated into the different categories. Then, mechanical dismantling, the typical components of it plant crushing units, shredders, magnetic separators and air separators. The exhaust gases are clean up in waste gas purification plants and the dust generated collected with dust filters. And for refining, it is included mechanical, thermal and chemical processes and typically performed for fractions such as batteries, ferrous and non-ferrous metal, recyclable plastic and printed boards. Methodology Most of the methodology of my research proposal is by doing library and internet research. It is important to get background information and to study the past research. It is also useful to make the literature review. I will go through some of the journals, articles, reports and projects there. To get better understanding, I will get some interviews with the workers at Department of Environtment (DOE) to get details data about how e-waste is managing in Malaysia and generally around the world.. I also will go for interview with Prof. Aghamuthu  [14]  (lecturer in UM) for his opinions. By using recorder, all the conversations and dialogues will be recorded. Survey is also useful to get the information. It will be distributed them to the workers that work in landfill site especially in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. The survey contain more on investigating their bodys health and to be related with the symptoms due to toxic discarded from e-waste. Site visit also involved in my methodology. It will take up to a fully day for me to see all the process. It is also to make sure that i will not left behind all the important information. Along the visit, camera will be used to take photos there to help me get a better analysis. Expected output There still a lot of issues that should be consider in managing the e-waste. . Work Plan The work plan start in week three and it takes about 11 weeks to finish it. Weeks Actions 3 Choose the title To make sure that the title is not to narrowed or broad, and to make sure it can be done on the time given. 4-7 Library and internet research By collected, take note, and borrows the materials from them before further analyse. 8-10 review and Analyse data Organize all the information into the structure of research proposal and relate the information of one reading to another. 11-13 Presentation work Prepare the slide that summarize the research proposal. 14 Submit report Do some repair on the lack and comment from presentation. Budget Estimated budget: Item Price (RM) Transportation for fuel and public transportation 100.00 Prints for surveys paper, and all the reading materials that cannot be borrowed. 20.00 Gift for interviewers 30.00 total 150.00

Insanity and Legal Action Essay -- Law

Insanity and Legal Action Schopenhauer’s theory of madness as a defect of memory, while unquestionably dated, nonetheless retains significant intuitive appeal and is at least reconcilable with modern understandings of mental function and insanity.1 If accepted as a working theory in conjunction with a more modern understanding of the operation of the brain, the theory leads to a conception of insanity as a failure of understanding of consequences. In turn, this conception may help explain precisely why the insane are not considered responsible for their actions, and may suggest that the insane cannot be said to have acted at all. Modern cognitive theory suggests that memory is structured primarily around stories. Thus, rather than remembering a sequence of events, we impute to those events some causal structure that enables us to understand and therefore remember the events. Unfortunately, this usually results in significant distortion of the events in our memory as we fill in standard imagery in the place of actual occurrences.2 One conclusion that seems well supported by these observations is that our memory, as we usually think of it, is intimately bound up with our understanding of causation and consequences. Presumably, a defect of memory, which Schopenhauer claims is at the root of all insanity, could thus impair a natural sense of consequences. Conversely, a failure to understand consequences could easily result in just the kind of fragmented and unrecognizable memory that Schopenhauer discusses. The more standard categorizations of insanity, especially as described by Macniven, can be reconciled with this view. Macniven specifically attributes to manic-depressive psychosis a tenden... ...RESPONSIBILITY, supra note 1, at 75–85. 7 H.L.A. Hart, Ascription of Responsibility (1949), in FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY, supra note 1, at 143–148. 8 See, e.g., A.I. Melden, Action (1956), in FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY, supra note 1, at 149–160. Melden proposes a conception of action that, like Hart’s, takes into account a broad set of circumstances surrounding any physical movement or act of will. Unlike Hart, Melden sees these circumstances not as a tool of judgment and ascription, but rather as inherently giving the action a particular meaning. 9 See Barbara Wootton, Crime, Responsibility, and Prevention, in CRIME AND THE CRIMINAL LAW (1963). In the criminal context, Lady Wootton’s suggestions for combining the functions of mental institution and prison might promote greater mental health of prisoners with mental problems irrelevant to their crimes.

Kate Chopin’s The Awakening - The Feminist Awakening Essay -- Kate Cho

The Feminist Awakening    Women’s rights have evolved over time; beginning with being homemakers and evolving to obtaining professions, acquiring an education, and gaining the right to vote. The movement that created all these revolutionary changes was called the feminist movement. The feminist movement occurred in the twentieth century. Many people are not aware of the purpose of the feminist movement. The movement was political and social and it sought to set up equality for women. Women’s groups in the United States worked together to win women’s suffrage and later to create and support the Equal Rights Amendment. The economic boom between 1917 and the early 1960s brought many American women into the workplace. As women began to join the workplace they became progressively more aware of their unequal economic and social status. Homemakers, many of whom who had previously obtained college educations, began to voice their lack of personal fulfillment. They had an awakening, they realized their lives were not fulfilled and wanted more than what the restraints of society would offer them. Many literary works were born from the feminist movement; each enabling women to achieve more than what society expected of them and to push the societal limits. The Awakening is a prototype of the feminist movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening follows a common theme in literature. She uses the novel as a way to demonstrate the emancipation of women. Peggy Skaggs believes that Chopin’s life experiences have affected her writing: â€Å"Her life and experiences as a woman apparently affirmed the truths she expressed first in â€Å"Emancipation†, and her development as a literary artist enabled her to transpose those truths into art with ... ... had and the ability to live on their own. Edna is used to model a woman who would have been involved in the feminist movement. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Kate Chopin. New York. Chelsea House, 1987. Bloom, Harold. Bloom’s Notes. Kate Chopin's The Awakening. Chelsea House, 1999. Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. New York: Norton, 1994. Mercedes A., Yahoo Contributor Network. May 13, 2009 Found at: http://voices.yahoo.com/a-feminist-analysis-edna-pontellier-kate-chopins-3187443.html?cat=38 Musere, Jonathan. Yahoo Contributor Network. Jul 28, 2009 Found at: http://voices.yahoo.com/the-awakening-kate-chopin-review-3886054.html?cat=38 Phenix, Cecilia. Yahoo Contributor Network. May 13, 2007 Found at: http://voices.yahoo.com/feminism-kate-chopins-awakening-337709.html?cat=52 Skaggs, Peggy. "The Awakening".Kate Chopin. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.

Fellowship Of Ring Book

In his novel, Tolkien uses the conflict between characters and nature to each society that the consequences Of disrupting nature are immediate and devastating. The meaning of nature in this context is not referring to the orientation of a certain thing, but instead it is referring to the natural world. In Toolkit's novel, the natural world can be symbolized the realm of his fictional Middle Earth. The hobbies run into several conflicts with nature on their journey through Middle Earth.For example, as they are preparing to go into the Old Forest, Merry Brandenburg tells the other hobbies about the Bonfire glade saying, â€Å"The hobbies came and cut down hundreds of trees, and made a retreat bonfire in the Forest, and burned all the ground in a long strip east of the Hedge. † (Tolkien 1 57) In the story, the Old Forest is not viewed as a forest today would be viewed. The Forest that the hobbies travel through is actually alive and has a personality and feelings. Therefore, the bonfire made by the people of Backhand can be seen as a terrible act of genocide in the context of the story.This act of cruelty is the foundation for the Forest's hate against Frond, Sam, Pippin, and Merry. Furthermore, the manifestation of the revenge of the Forest can be seen when Old Man Willow, a willow tree in the Forest, swallows Merry and Pippin. By putting a tree that can seek revenge and swallow people whole into his story, Tolkien highlights the importance of the immediate consequences of society's abuse of nature. Later, Sam and Frond try to think of how to get Merry out, and Sam says, â€Å"If it don't let them go, I'll have it down if I have to gnaw at it. (Tolkien 1 66) The aggression shown by the tree is only followed by more aggression from Sam. Tolkien wants us to end this constant cycle of aggression. Merry warns Sam from inside the tree that, if they hurt Old Man Willow any more, the tree will split him in two. If Sam does not stop his aggression, there will be deadly consequences for Merry Brandenburg. Here, Tolkien reveals to us the devastating and deadly consequences of society's aggression towards nature. Today, one of the biggest consequences of society's abuse of nature is global warming.By not being environmentally aware of the consequences of our actions, we have caused a situation that could potentially be catastrophic. By using these conflicts of character versus nature, Tolkien teaches today's society that it needs to recognize these immediate and deadly consequences and stop the hectically show of aggression it has towards nature. In addition to the conflict of person versus nature, Tolkien uses the conflict between a character and his fate to show that people should choose their own fate and make their own destiny.It is easy to see in the novel how some characters are enunciating of their fate, while others are not only accept their fate, but freely choose it. For example, when Frond first finds out from Gangland how important the ring is, he is much less than accepting of the task that is ahead of him. Frond whines, â€Å"Gangland, what am to do? For now am really afraid. What am to do? What a pity that Bilbo did not stab that vile creature [Googol], when he had a chance! † (Tolkien 92) Gangland scolds Frond for wishing death upon someone so unreasonably.Frond realizes he was at fault and eventually does accept his task of carrying the ring because he has to. However, it seems that if he had to choice, he would not want the responsibility of the ring. On the contrary, Sam is completely willing to accept his fate. After Sam sees the elves that he has been so curious about, Frond gives him the choice to continue following him On the journey or to go back to the shire. Sam replies, â€Å"l don't know how to say it, but I seem to see ahead, in a kind of way. Now we are going to take a very long road, into darkness, but know can't turn back. I don't rightly know what I want: but I have something to d o before the end, and it lies ahead, not in the shire. † (Tolkien 127) Sam does not know what his fate is. All he knows is that he needs to follow it. After Cam's encounter with the elves and the decision to follow his fate, he grows in maturity and takes on more responsibility. Tolkien wants people today to be like Sam, and accept what they have to do and be active in choosing their own Sistine, even though it may not be in their interest.Most importantly, Tolkien uses the conflict between the character and himself to show that people should fight for something that is greater than themselves. In this story, Tolkien stresses that friends should fight for one another. The hobbies are not very brave creatures, but Frond and his fellowship would do anything for each other. For example, Frond thinks about leaving his friends behind and escaping the barrow-Wight but, â€Å"the courage that had awakened in him was now too strong: he could not leave his friends so easily. Tolkien 1 95) He stays and fights for his friends by drawing out his dagger and cutting off the hand of the crawling arm that was about to lop off the heads of his unconscious friends. This was a selfless act by Frond, and it took an enormous amount of courage on his part to not run away. Today people are very selfish and greedy. People obsess over themselves so much that they rarely consider others when making decisions, even if they are considered friends. Through the internal conflict of Frond, Tolkien is teaches people that they should act with the same kind Of selflessness that Frond did.

Design Thinking and Innovation at Apple Essay

BACKGROUND: Apple has been a leader in innovation for years and has been able to achieve so by striving hard to deliver insanely great products with simplicity and sophistication. The constant need for innovation, development of unique product development strategies and their prompt execution, the presence of the visionary, Steve Jobs and their bold attitude at business experimentation formed the basis of principles at Apple. During mid-1970s, computers were mere automation devices and were not perceived to be used for personal work. Apple reasoned the impact personal computing will have on individuals once they were able to see how beneficial the personal computers could be. It was essential these machines were highly user friendly. Apple achieved this by incorporating simplicity in the product design internally: by attending to the minutest detail in the product, evaluating whether a part or feature is really required, adopting new technologies, and externally: exploring different materials and approaches, enhancing customer experience by creating highly interactive products. To be able to provide with a smooth and flowing customer experience, it was necessary to consider the smallest detail while designing the product. The philosophy was to achieve sophistication through simplicity by working out the intent for the product, its concept development, the process of making it and the user experience of working with it. The sleek design and appearance of Apple products, easy-to-adopt solutions, and inside-out simplicity in their design and usage, consistency and resemblance across products has a huge impact on the user experience. ANALYSIS The innovation and existence of the creative core of technology at Apple has continued through years despite the disorientation it faced by the lack of focus, increased competition and changing leaderships during 1985-1997. Post 1997, Apple managed to get its act together under the able leadership of Steve Jobs by focusing on fewer projects, changing distribution system, embarking direct sales via online website and adopting sophisticated  marketing for its â€Å"insanely great products†. Tim Cook, the then Chief Operating Officer at Apple was responsible for cleaning up the operations of manufacturing, distribution and supply that were taken up during 1985-1997. A core approach to development was taken up: working intimately with manufacturers to find different materials and better processes, and being completely in sync with the customers, their needs and priorities. The basis of Apple was their consistency across its products which were accomplished by adopting a one platform strategy. All the products had the OSX operating system, which was undertaken with a vision to accommodate their development and production. This benefitted Apple (as a company): to develop and design components that were highly efficient and reliable by investing time and resources, its suppliers: allowed reuse and sharing assemblies and sub-assemblies at lower costs, its employees: added to their knowledge base and experience and most importantly, its customers: enabled easier adoption to its products due to familiarity and resemblance across products and lesser maintenance requirements due to stable, reliable designs. Apple has been keen on integrating customer experience in the design and development process. They followed an iterative customer involvement process in which they carried out extensive testing to improve user experience with the software and understanding the user expectations when they were trying to accomplish a task. Products were designed so the end user is able to employ them as tools to create and achieve their needs easily and effectively. Steve Jobs has played a pivotal, influential role in the driving Apple to the heights it has reached as a company and the reputation its products have built in the market. He had an inbuilt â€Å"design sense† and had a distinct vision of the meaning of the company, its products and how that can be achieved. It was his philosophy of simplicity that was adopted by the company of achieving beautiful, elegant solutions by digging deep into the key, underlying principle of the problem. Jobs demanded products with ultimate sophistication, high quality, and superior capabilities yet, simple UIs. It was his persuasion to have Apple computers for personal computing,  when the rest of the industry was busy creating enterprise solutions. His drive for excellence, and total involvement in every stage of product development and its presentation to the customer, have been the principal elements responsible for the innovation at Apple and the way the company is shaped up. Apple manages to create hype about its products and makes grand presentation to launch them in the market. The launched product is immediately available in the retails and on-line stores for customers to review and purchase. Apple values its secrecy and guards it fiercely. This creates additional hype around the product as they have been known for delivering innovative and appealing products. The constant innovation at Apple ensured they had improved versions of previously launched products, which were then marketed to promote users to have a portfolio of a single product. Apple took a bold step by moving to retail and having commercial stores for Apple products in a hope to attract non-Apple customers and retain the Apple fan base by providing elegant store designs and easy accessibility to their products. The intent was to generate foot traffic by luring shoppers and thereby increase curiosity and popularity. A smart move was undertaken by introducing a â€Å"genius bar† for tech repair and support which was undertaken publicly, adding to the â€Å"cool† factor. Apple was able to create a buzz around its products by launching retail stores at prime location in upscale malls. RECOMMENDATIONS Because Apple claims to build products that are for everyone, they should be priced so that they are affordable to everyone. With increase in the competition that Apple products are facing, they should make efforts to lower the cost without compromising the quality. Now that Apple has established itself as a brand and made a statement about its products, the new stores could be opened at other relatively cheaper yet, decent locations instead of high end malls or at expensive real estates. They could have an online virtual genius bar (video) that could help customers, especially those who aren’t good at communicating in English, with the problems they had with devices.