Local Involvement :: Development, Farmers

One main case about local involvement is how to integrate democratic principles in the wassail dominant top-down hierarchical extension outline in exploitation countries. In the study about participatory extension approach in Vietnam, Minh et al. (2000) examine the potential and challenges to scale up several new participatory principles (participatory-based training methods, interactive training sessions, group-based sharing experience, practical learning, and learning-by-doing process) in the alert supply-driven extension system. They plunge that by the help of external support, the approach has been turn out to be successful to be applied in farmer level. In order to institutionalize this approach, they recommend using a stepwise procedure, in which it must be initiated by identifying the core problems of the existing extension system and the capacities and then gradually introducing the innovations rather than giving them on the whole.Other trim about local involvement is how to integrate farmers innovation into wider existing clod institutional system. Tchawa et al. (2002) assess the Participatory Technology Development in Cameroon, in which they institute that such an innovation may be effectively choose by the various social actors involved in it, even though it requires difficult learning process difficult at the beginning of the implementation. winning the case of soil and water conservation, this participatory approach integrating innate practices and modern pastoral innovations using the techniques of informal and formal learning(pp. 206-211)However, 1 study showed that collaboration that involving farmers must be accomplished carefully because of the possibility of social bias. The study of collaborative research-extension plans conducted in Iran assign that the joint plans, although suitable to promote collaboration between extension workers and researchers, and extension workers and farmers, the results of this study indicate th at such a cooperation plan may be more adaptative to larger-scale farmer segments than the smaller ones. (Movahedi et al., 2007). (pp.304-309)Other social segment that should be considered is the four-year-old farmers. Auta et al. (2010), in the study of Nigerian youth farmers, argue that the youth need agricultural trainings as well as more access to agricultural inputs and services to enable them participate in agricultural activities continuously, particularly below scarcity of food availability.Other focal extension issue in developing countries is about partnership among agricultural actors. In the study of cost-sharing lineation, as part of relationship reform between government and farmers extension service, Ozor et al., 2007) found that both farmers and extension workers hold positive perceptions regarding this new partnership scheme 80.