The Renaissance anf its impact on Society :: essays research papers

The spiritual rebirth and its Impact on Modern SocietyThe reincarnation 1AbstractThe Renaissance is a margin that means rebirth. The renaissance marked a renewed interest in some things such as the arts but also brought about convert in the areas of sectionalisation structure trade invention and science. These changes have influenced nearly every social class and industrialized society in the upstart world. This penning will show how this unique period in our history impacts our society today. The Renaissance 2Class Structure and TradeBefore the Renaissance, power was achieved by birthright, wealth and nobility however the Renaissance gave birth to the merchandiser class. Agriculture was a mainstay of wealth and power however, it was quickly becoming less profitable and many farmers decided to move to cities and take up new occupations. These city-based occupations required the need for increased breedingal skills such as reading, writing and bookkeeping. Accordingly educa tion became more important, and parents of this emerging merchant class increasingly wanted their children to attend schools and universities. As the merchant class grew, they became increasingly wealthy. Along with this newfound wealth, this emerging merchant class gained power. Power that changed existing class structures and influenced politics. The evolution of the merchant class has developed into the free-trade system used throughout the industrialized world. Furthermore, the merchant class of the Renaissance allowed people not of birthright or noble blood to gain wealth and ascend to power in both business and politics. Today many of our successful business men and women who came from humble origins and owe their ability to improve themselves through education and the earning of wealth through trade and business to the merchant class of the Renaissance.The Renaissance 3InventionThe Renaissance brought about the first portable clock. Invented in 1410, Filippo Brunelleschis spr ing-driven design clock made it possible to keep route of and manage time outside of the home or village. The evolution of Brunelleschis portable clock is our modern day wristwatch. The development of convex and concave lenses during the Renaissance also led to the invention of both the microscope and telescope. Arguably, the most valuable invention of the Renaissance was the moveable type printing press invented by Johann Gutenberg. Prior to Gutenbergs printing press the copying of books and text was a painstaking, slow process done by hand. The Renaissances printing press is the grandfather of our modern day copy machine and computer printer.ScienceDuring the Renaissance science made leaps and bounds as well.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Cause of Ophelias Insanity :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

small town The Cause of Ophelias Insanity Shakespeare, through his intricate uses of symbolism and melodramaticirony, arranges a brilliantly detailed account of how Hamlets cordialupheaval served as the driving force of Ophelias swelling insanity andimminent suicide. He floods the early acts with an impend sense ofconfusion within Ophelia, for her feelings toward hamlet greatly contrastthose of her brother and father. Ophelia stimulates to willingly take heed ofher familys advice as the prince finds himself removed from a lucid warning of thought. However, because her feelings for him are genuine, thisserves only to exalt her mental strain. In the height of Hamletsincoherent rage, he provides Ophelia with the ultimate medium for herensuing madness. The murder of Polonius is the greatest among many factorsthat were contributed by Hamlet to the somber fate of Ophelia. A prelude, composed of warnings from Polonius and Laertes, istactfully set up by Shakespeare during Ophelias initi al appearances in theplay, aiding in the preparation for her subsequent mental deterioration. Pol. What is between you? Give me up the truth. Oph. He hath, ny entitle, of late made many tenders Of his affection to me. Pol. Affection, puh You speak like a green girl Unsifted in such(prenominal) perilous circumstance. Do you believe his tenders as you call them? Oph. I do not know, my lord, what I should think. (I, iii, ln.107-113)Ophelia openly professes her confusion. Polonius response is presented ina manner which is clearly intended to sincerely disdain Hamlet before hisdaughter, making obvious his opinion of their involvement. His intent forher actions, however, will merely magnify her confusion. Ophelia concedesthat she is not aware of a solution with which to halt or even improve thissituation. For this reason, no preventive measures are taken, onlyallowing the situation to worsen. Hamlets mind grows more and more clouded as his goal becomes clear,and in the midst of his per vading preoccupation, he pushes Ophelia to thepoint of mental breakdown. This notion appears in the second act, afterOphelia first sees a deranged Hamlet. Oph. Lord Hamlet with a look so piteous in purport As if he had been loosed out of hell To speak of horrors -he comes before me Pol. Mad for thy love? Oph. My lord I do not know But I truly do fear it. (II, I, ln. 87-97)Her confusion has evolved into a state of dread, and this dread will beginto penetrate her consciousness as it grows more and more intense.

Christian Justice and Righteousness Essay -- Martin Luther, theology, s

As a reformer, Martin Luther certainly changed the world of the Church. Would you say that his opposition to the existing religious confidence of his day could be justified from a scriptural standpoint? How might it not? Which biblical principles affect your own responsibility to promote justice and duty when such actions come into conflict with an established order? The actions of Martin Luther in the 1500s have reached almost mythical stature among Christians. Luthers deeds had much more radical consequences than he could have foreseen as he first challenged the existing church. He sparked a revolution of thought, a break from the Roman Catholic Church system and a return to a faith based upon Scripture alone. Though Martin Luthers choices were for an essential cause and brought fantastic results, a question must be answered before Christians elicit truly call him a hero of the faith. The question is this Was Luthers challenge of his earthly authorities justifiable by the scri pture? The answer is not instantly obvious, nor do the Scriptur...

John Steinbeck was born to middle-lower class family in the farming Ess

John Steinbeck was born to middle-lower class family in the farming company of Salinas, California. JohnsSteinbeckImagine your town is suddenly stricken with poverty. Your familybusiness goes under because the economy of your local community can nolonger encourage it. Herds of your closest friends continually move outof the town you grew up in due to a severe shortage of work. Thebasic necessities of life are so scarce that everyone around youreverts to their animalistic urges to survive. Those who you havecame to trust, betray you and your family for selfish reasons. Thischaos was typical every day life during the youth of one of Americasgreatest writers, John Steinbeck. The environment that engulfed JohnStein becks early life shaped his literary style to focus on theeconomic hardships of rural cranch and mans every day struggles withnatural urges. John Steinbeck was born to middle-lower class family in the farmingcommunity of Salinas, California. Johns father, who was abusiness man and politician, experienced great difficulty maintaining asuccessful business in their small town. John watched his father failat many endeavors including managing a flour plant and opening a feedand grain store as well as the political corruption his father facedas County Treasurer (Shillinglaw). No matter how much financialadversity Johns family faced, his father always kept a sunnydisposition and took the family on frequent trips across California. These small towns and cities John and his family would visit, laterserved to be the local of his future novels such as East of Eden andThe Red Pony(Fontenrose, 2). John blush used his home town of Salinasto serve as the setting for the shor... ...mericans as he did in previous works. In1960, John published The Winter of discontentedness which attackedcontemporary American ideals an longed for conservative ideals. Thispiece, which did not achieve the notoriety that Steinbeck hoped for,would be his last novel before his death in 1 968(Shillinglaw).Steinbeck witnessed his home town decompose due to financial strain as achild. He felt the effects of the poor economy as his father bouncedfrom job to job hard to make ends meet. In Steinbecks earlyadulthood he worked odd jobs with the poorest of the poor, staying intouch with the injustices these people faced everyday and witnessinghow humans react in times of need. The environment that engulfed JohnStein becks early life shaped his literary style to focus on theeconomic hardships of rural labor and mans every day struggles withnatural urges.

Theme Of A Dolls House Essay -- essays research papers

Henrik Ibsens, A Dolls House is definitely a unique story written by a very intelligent, complicated writer. I believe he intentionally wrote the play in a manner which would lead every reader to draw his own conclusions. He forces us to reign our own interpretation of the play in context with our personal lives and experiences with the opposite sex. The theme may be interpreted by many as a study of the moral laws that men and women are required to follow by nature. I believe it is primarily based on the gender stereotypes that determine the office of women in society.During the time in which the play took place, society frowned upon women asserting themselves. Women were expected to play a role in which they supported their husbands, took care of their children, and made reliable the house was in perfect order. In Act I, there are many clues that hint at the kind of marriage Nora and Torvald have. It seems that Nora is like a bird controlled by Torvald. She relies on him for e verything, from her movements to thoughts, much like a puppet who is dependent on its puppet master for all of its actions. In the beginning of the play, Nora did enact the stereotypical role, which she felt she was required to do. In once instance, Torvald feels that he must reteach Nora how to dance the tarantella. Nora of course pretends that she needs him to teach her every move in order to relearn the dance. In truth, this is an act and proves her submissiveness to her husband. Once he is finished te...

Theme Of A Dolls House Essay -- essays research papers

Henrik Ibsens, A Dolls House is definitely a unique story written by a very intelligent, complicated writer. I believe he intentionally wrote the play in a manner which would lead every reader to draw his own conclusions. He forces us to find our own interpretation of the play in context with our personal lives and experiences with the opposite sex. The theme may be interpreted by galore(postnominal) as a study of the moral laws that men and women are required to follow by nature. I believe it is primarily based on the gender stereotypes that determine the role of women in society.During the time in which the play took place, society frowned upon women asserting themselves. Women were expected to play a role in which they supported their husbands, took electric charge of their children, and made sure the house was in perfect order. In Act I, there are many clues that hint at the kind of marriage Nora and Torvald have. It seems that Nora is worry a doll controlled by Torvald. Sh e relies on him for everything, from her movements to thoughts, much like a puppet who is dependent on its puppet master for all of its actions. In the line of the play, Nora did enact the stereotypical role, which she felt she was required to do. In once instance, Torvald feels that he must reteach Nora how to dance the tarantella. Nora of course pretends that she needs him to teach her every move in order to relearn the dance. In truth, this is an act and proves her submissiveness to her husband. Once he is finished te...

Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy: A Review

JUSTUS HARTNACK, Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy (trans Maurice Cranston, New York Anchor Books, 1965) pp. (x+142). Paper. The book Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy, written by Professor Justus Hartnack, was first create in Danish. Later this book was translated to English by Maurice Cranston who was the seed of Freedom, What argon Human Rights? , Jean-Paul Sartre and the standard biography of John Locke. Hartnack is also famous for his book philosophic Problems. The book Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy deals with the school of thought of the most famous contemporary philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.This book covers over maven hundred and forty two pages. It begins with a innovate by the author. This book, having five chapters, is the interpretation of Wittgensteins philosophical works. The first chapter, under the title Biographical Introduction, dealt with the life history of Ludwig Wittgensteinthe most renowned presage of the time. He was a great philosopher who ded icated himself to the growth of philosophy. philosophy was his life (p. 3). Though he made lectures on British universities, he was non at all English, still an Austrian Jew, living and working in England.He was born in Vienna in 1889, the son of a rich engineer. Initially he had a taste to engineering barely later, it transformed to mathematics and he became a disciple of Bertrand Russell in Cambridge University. At the eruptbreak of the First World War, he contributed a few years in the Austrian army. His first and the most famous book, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus was published in 1922. Indeed the language of the book is elusive, it has had an enormous captivate among philosophers (p. 6). Its influence was particularly marked in the logical positivism that became so fashionable in the years between the wars.But the later teachings of Wittgenstein were contrasting to the former teachings. His The philosophical Investigations (1953), which published merely after his death m arked a unseasoned beginning in the knowledge base of philosophy. Besides the above books, he was also the author of the book, The Blue and Brown Books (1958). His writings paved a place for Wittgenstein in the history of philosophy. The second chapter named The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus gives out a brief digest of Wittgensteins fourscore pages bookTractatus Logico-Philosophicus.The author begins with the traditional notion of languageconsists of words and each word possesses core insofar as it stands for something (p. 13). It is the search for the problem of philosophical assertions that brings out the serious errors in using the language. So, Russell in his Principia Mathematica comes up with the need of constructing a new language preserving the logical form. It was the beginning of symbolic logic. But Wittgenstein was not slaked with this new language because he did not think there was any need to construct a new language because he held that there is precisely one lan guage (p. 6). His book Tractatus sh ars this idea. The author expresses the content of Wittgensteins Tractatus in nine parts in this chapter. The world, thought and propositions nave the same logical formworld is represented by thought and it is expressed in words as propositions. So, according to Wittgenstein, the world is the totality of facts, not of things (p. 18). A thing is not itself a fact flush the thing is bound up with the notion of a fact. The author uses the example It is a fact that my watch is lying on the table, but neither the watch nor the table is a fact (p. 25).The thought and propositions serve as pictures of facts. This is known as Picture Theory of Languagelanguage is a picture or model of facts. Pictures are models of reality and these are made up of elements that represent objects. The combination of objects in the picture represents the combination of objects in reality. So the function of the language is to represent the state of affairs in the world. But the proposition does not give a spatial representation of the fact it is only a logical picture of the state of affairs. Then, Hartnack points out Wittgensteins concept of clandestine.There are some facts that would be nonsensical to discuss, describe or even to think, because language cannot logically be employed about it (p. 40). He included all the ethical and spiritual values in the realm of mystical. It is something that is transcendental. The third chapter The Tractatus and rational Positivism says about the influence of Tractatus over logical positivism. The author divided this chapter into four parts. The first part comments on logical positivists existence of philosophy. For them, the task of philosophy is simply to clarify the meaning of such philosophical problems and propositions (p. 6). It has nothing to do in providing information about reality. A better understanding of the meaning of propositions can be ascertained through verification principleone understands th e meaning of a proposition only of one knows how it could be verified. For example, the statement It is fall can be verified. But there are some other propositions that cant be verified and it is called as pseudo propositions similar to Wittgensteins mystical. In the following parts of the third chapter, the author discusses how the logical positivism differs from the ideas of Wittgenstein.It is believed by the positivist that Wittgenstein was the first one who had proposed the verification principle. Wittgenstein accepted the mystical propositions as good along with the empirical propositions. But positivists denied the assumption that mystical propositions are genuine for they cannot accept anything other than that is empirical. what cannot be said, and therefore cannot be thought, is not an expression of the limits of language. The reason for being silent is that there is nothing to speak about (p. 55). The fourth chapter holds the same title, The Philosophical Investigations, of his second known book.This chapter speaks on the summary of Wittgensteins Investigations. This book is not a continuation of his own Tractatus rather it is the repudiation of his views in Tractatus. The author explains its importance as What gives the importance is that it contains the mature philosophy of Wittgenstein. It introduces a new chapter in the history of philosophy. It is not just a continuation or development of the thought of others. It is something wholly courseal (p. 62-63). The Investigations had a file name extension to St. Augustines Confessions. St.Augustine fancied, according to Wittgenstein, that he had discovered what was intrinsic to all languages, namely that all words should have a meaning and that the meaning of each was what it stood for (p. 65). Augustine conceived of it as a naming-game, that is, as a language mastered by learning the names of different things. But Wittgenstein couldnt approve this naming-game and with a slight rest he introduced language-game which had its foundation on the sense that the meaning of a word is its use in the language. He thought that in language we are performing with words.As we cant find any resemblance in different games though they possess some similarities and relationships, we cant find resemblance in our multiple ways of language use. Hartnack discusses Language, no longer a picture of reality, is now seen as a toolwith variety of uses. Different words are like different tools in the toolbox. And just as there is no one use which is the essential use of all tools, there is no one essential use for words and sentences. (p. 75) Different language-games show a family resemblance as like the members of a family share many similar features, such as eye colour, hair, facial structure, etc,.However, there will be no one particular feature that they all share in common. So the different language-games are related to one another in many different ways. In Investigations, Wittgenstein made a gr adual transition on the aim of philosophy. With a new view, philosophy aims at complete clarity. And this complete clarity does not lead to the solution of problem, but to its disappearance (p. 82). Why is to say that the problem disappear? It is because the origin of the philosophical perplexity is an error, or rather a misunderstandinga misunderstanding of the logical grammar of the sentences concerned.When it has been healed, the source of the problem has not been solved, it has vanished. The role of philosophy is to show the path of liberation to the fly trapped in the fly bottle. In the last chapter Contemporary Philosophical Investigations, Hartnack says something about the philosophers who were very much influenced by Wittgenstein. He also tried to give a brief note on the papers and books published by those philosophers. Gilbert Ryles The Concept of attend is the first book to be dealt with.It was published in 1949, four years before the Investigations, and it is not Wittge nstein in style, although there is no conflict on essential points but it is typically Wittgensteinian in that it treats philosophical problems as the consequence of the misunderstanding of the logic of concepts (p. 119). Besides giving a short description, the author has not tried to go deep into the text. Following Ryles The Concept of Mind, Hartnack makes a brief study on Peter Strawsons paper On Referring, where Strawson is assail what he believes to be a mistaken conception of meaning. Strawsons paper is Wittgensteinian in the sense that it argues that the meaning of a sentence is not what it refers to, but the rules for its correct use (p. 121). He rejected Russells claim that every sentence must be true or false or meaningless. For Strawson, a sentence is meaningful if there are rules for its use as an assertion (p. 126). In the following two parts of the last chapter, author summarises The Ascription of debt instrument and Rights, the defense paper of Professor H. L. A. Ha rt and On Grading, the paper presented by the Oxford philosopher J.O. Urmson. The former is dealt with morality and jurisprudence. Here Hart made some similarities of the problems in philosophy and legal concepts. The latter studies the use of sentences that function as evaluations. Urmson works from the simple and homely example of grading apples. An apple can be place either as good or as bad, based on its empirical properties. But the logical structure of the sentence This is good is quite discrete from any question about the validity or relevance of any criterion that may be invoked in support of it (p. 42). The validity of the statement is not proved in this kind of evaluations. The book Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy is really an excellent interpretation of Ludwig Wittgensteins philosophical worksTractatus and Investigations. Hartnack had made a genuine effort to make this book marvelous. Though this book contributes nothing new to the world of philosophy, it shows a grea t honour to Wittgenstein. Hartnack was successful in giving prehend footnotes in places where the reader needs clarifications.But it is sorry to say that this book lacks index and the last chapter of this book is so vague. The author would have to pay a littler more attention to these drawbacks. Excluding these drawbacks, this book is an awesome work. This book will be very useful to the philosophy students especially those who are making study but on Wittgenstein. Even the translator re-produced the book in a simple and eloquent language. This book review will be incomplete unless I intimate that the author showed justice to the works of Wittgenstein and even to the readers.

High School and Movie Rudy Essay

The movie Rudy is ab turn out a person named Rudy who wants to play football for the Notre-Dame Irish. Rudy has been told his entire feel that he wasnt good enough, he was too small and that his goals will never come true. He dreams of playing on the team but since his label arent high enough his teacher didnt let him apply for the school. There are three main aspects about Rudy that helps him involve into Notre-Dame and its football team, his stopping point making, goal setting and values.Rudys decisions were well thought out, letting him work his way into Notre-Dame. After Rudy graduated from high school he went to work at a mill with his father. In an accident at a mill his best friend Pete died in an explosion and after this explosion he went to a priest. The priest told him that his marks need to be very good for him to get into Notre-Dame and suggested that he go to Holy Cross till he can get his marks up high enough. When he started studying at Holy Cross he met someone wh o was willing to be his tutor.From him he found out Rudy suffered from dyslexia, a learning disorder which made it hard for him to recognize and comprehend written words. Finally after 3 semesters Rudy got into Notre-Dame and was accepted into the football team because of how he played, giving it his all and trying harder than most. Rudy didnt get dressed to play in a football game for about 2 years, then last all the other players appealed on his behalf to the coach and he was finally got to play a game. Near the end of the game the players started to chant Rudy because he wasnt qualified to get dressed for the game

Movie Task

guiltless instruct was first explored and developed by Ivan Pavlov, wherein the repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus would result to a conditioned reception to the neutral stimulus which now becomes the conditioned stimulus. In simpler terms, Pavlov was able to ground that continuously pairing a product or cross with positive emotions or behaviors, resulted to bulk becoming conditioned to the scrape or product as producing positive emotions or behaviors.Classical conditioning was the first learning program to be applied to a number of fields whose objective does to make batch learn something new with come in actually needing to pay attention or analyze what they were learning. Classical conditioning was the preferred method of marketing strategies for low-risk and low-involvement products and has been quite effective in building the association amidst safety and Mr. Muscle, or that of a Happy Meal at McDonalds.construct in the photoIn the mo vie, determinate conditioning was depicted in the distinction made from the case of career up at San Angeles and down at the rebels lair. The movie had shown a stark contrast between the kind of life people have up at the megalopolis San Angeles and down the sewers. The affluent and safe life was depicted with the shiny buildings, the morality statute and naught violence, whereas the dark and difficult life was depicted underground in the sewers with un whole food, with rags for clothes and unsanitary living conditions.Evaluation of the concept in the movieClassical conditioning refers to the process in which something is learned because it has become strongly associated with a certain emotional or physiological response. The movie made use of the classical conditioning concept by making the viewers believe that life up at San Angeles was better than life under it because of the contrasting emotional response that it evoked from the actors in the movie.The life at San Angeles wa s safe and boring, while under it, it was dangerous and exciting. In the concept of marketing, we could see that Dr. Cocteau was promoting the quality of life in San Angeles by making people believe that life there was safer, better and more productive than life under it to discourage people from going underground because he feels threatened by the dissenters.The emotional response of the characters in the movie who were up in San Angeles towards the underground rebels indicate the makings of classical conditioning, wherein the mere thought or straw man of a rebel could evoke fear or hostility towards the rebels who did not want the kind of life offered by Cocteau. When the rebels go up at San Angeles to port for food, the citizens feel that they are being terrorized while stern looks at it as a means of survival because he had not been conditioned to have oppose emotions for the rebels like the normal citizens do.Concept 2 Title Brand Loyalty vs Brand EquityConcept DefinitionBr and loyalty refers to the degree of fixing that a consumer has for a particular tick, while brand right refers to the intangible value that a consumer attaches to a particular brand and how it evokes familiarity and positive emotions and perceptions. Brand equity is the general term while brand loyalty is a component of brand equity together with brand awareness, perceived quality and brand associations. The level of brand loyalty can predict the likelihood that a consumer will continue buying the brand, which can also be affected by brand awareness.Brand awareness indicates how well in create and aware the consumer is rough the brand and its related products, like how many kinds of detergents does Tide have. Perceived quality refers to how consumers assess the quality of the brand, or how congruent the quality of the product is to how it has been marketed, if it says it can make stains disappear, do consumers believe it or not.Brand associations refer to the emotional and menta l associations a consumer has about the product, if Tide is associated as the cleanest smelling detergent, then the mere exposure to the product would have us remember that clean smelling shirt at the wash. The stronger the brand loyalty is and awareness and association of the product and high perception of quality, the stronger the brand equity will be.Concept in the movieBrand loyalty and brand equity was depicted in the movie with the reference of Taco Bell as the altogether surviving fast food after the different establishments battled it out in the franchise wars. Since San Angeles promoted safe and clean living without meat, fat, high cholesterol and the like, Taco Bell was the only fast food that survived because they offered the food that was prescribed by the leader of San Angeles and since Taco Bell was providing the same kind of food before the big one of 2010, then brand loyalty and equity had been strong as many people were aware of Taco Bell, and knew about its qualit y and that it is associated with healthy food and clean living.Evaluation of the concept in the movieIn the movie, Huxley explained that the only fast-food in the city was Taco Bell this indicated that Taco Bell has strong brand equity. This would mean that Taco Bell has a monopoly of the fast food persistence and that every franchise in the city is named Taco Bell. Surviving the franchise war gives us an idea of how the brand equity of Taco Bell gained an approximately cult like status the franchise war referred to how the fast-food industry tried to offer products that would be in keeping with the new quality of life with San Angeles, poverty-stricken of hamburgers and French fries and other sinfully unhealthy foods.Since most fast-foods rely on the usual fare of grease and salty fries, the move to prefer healthier foods left field the other fast-foods cold. It was probably Taco Bell who alone kept up with the changing food habits of the people of San Angeles which s why it has come to be associated with healthy and approved foods. Likewise, Taco Bell has been able to retain the fast-food brand as a memory of the kind of fast foods in the city 20 long time ago. The awareness of the brand of fast food as Taco Bell show that people still were loyal to the brand and they already have formed a strong opinion of the kind of food offered in the stores.Concept 3 Title Cognitive dissonance theory vs Attri plainlyion theoryConcept DefinitionLeon Festinger said that cognitive dissonance arose from the inconsistency of an individuals attitude to his/her behavior or actions. When a person thinks that he/she is kind but refuses to give alms to beggars, then that person experiences cognitive dissonance, the normal reaction to cognitive dissonance is to reduce the dissonance by changing ones attitudes.On the other hand, attribution theory refers to the process in which we infer and understand our own behavior or that of other people. Heider said that attributions are ma de found on personal factors or lieual factors in order to explain the behavior of other people. The fundamental attribution error says that observers generally overestimate the influence of personal factors when explaining the behavior of others while we tend to overestimate situational factors when we analyze our own behavior.Concept in the movieCognitive dissonance and attribution theory was shown in the movie through the series of exchanges between Spartan and Huxley in their pursuit of capital of Arizona and also in the justification made by Dr. Cocteau in his attempt at eliminating the rebel leader. In a poignant scene, Spartan complains that chasing and hitting bad people are okay but if these people are only aspect for food then it is not okay. Attribution theory was depicted when Dr. Cocteau was dismayed with how his plan turned sour when Phoenix failed to follow his orders and instead went on a killing rampage in San Angeles.Evaluation of concept in the movieSpartan wa s a cop of the past and he had trouble adjusting to the quality of life in the new San Angeles, he was brought to life again in order to catch an old criminal which was no match for the new San Angeles police force. This situation already hinted of cognitive dissonance, the presence of a police department who were ill equipped to catch criminals, and the curtailing of freedom of expression in order to keep pause and order in the city.The most memorable example of cognitive dissonance was when Spartan was chasing after a group of rebels who were looking for food, he thought that these people were really rebels but when he found out that they were only looking for food and was rebelling against the quality of life up in San Angeles than an arms rebellion.The dissonance arose from Spartans belief that he is a good cop chasing after bad guys, when he realized that he was chasing people looking for food, he entangle discomfort and tension which resulted to attitude change, and here we see that Spartan tried to understand the rebels and their principles thereby reducing the dissonance. Attribution theory was depicted in Dr. Cocteaus explanation of why Phoenix did not go through the plan to kill the rebel leader immediately. He said that Phoenix was made that port that a criminal would always be a criminal he failed to say that the lack of police force and the flimsy security measures all contributed to Phoenixs ease at creating mayhem in the city.ReferenceSchiffman, L. G. & Kanuk, L. L. (2007). Consumer Behavior, 9th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall, Inc.

Should Animal Rights Activists Be Held Accountable for Abuse Videos? Essay

The wildcat rights discourse is one of the structural characteristics of modern rational pluralism as well as one of the ironic every last(predicate)y legitimate discourses of post-modern civilization. From a freehearted understanding point of view, we should elucidate Tom Reagans strong point of view and Mary Anne Warrens weak point of view regarding tool rights. It is in our nature to uncover the limits as well as legitimize the value appeals of creatures and indicate that we can clarify our duties by taking the discussion of animal rights seriously. Therefore, indeed, animals take away rights so along as they be, breath and walk among us.There is much debate as to whether non- valet de chambre animals should be awarded rights and to what extent these rights reach. However, there is much less(prenominal) disagreement in accepting that indeed animals do bind rights, as opposed to the opposite. The line between animal and human rights is not unclear analogous most transparen t minds tend to reason. A line is drawn and it includes factors that cannot be ignored at only. Simple minds do not understand that the very marrow squash of animals living and breathing as well as walking among us is that we are just like them, only that we are to a greater extent evolved. Quite strangely, some clock times in this life you will find individuals who are no better than the creatures they deny rights.Although the idea for animal rights dates back to the 18th century, it has only become something more or less of a cause caliber among several well-placed intellectuals and philosophers. Jeremy Bentham seems to have put animal rights on the legal map by requiring the humane intercession of animals. It is important to note that Jeremy in his arguments does not support animal rights per se. In the book the case for animal rights (UC press, 1983), the idea of animal rights is found to be intellectually congenial but the idea extends to placing animals close to homo in th e evolutionary cycle.Times that are more recent have brought to light a varied tradition, namely, the utilitarianism. The emergence of animal liberation emerged with a big bang. The concept is the same but the argument has been tweaked a little bit to cover the idea of animal rights in general. The scope does not propose animal domination, but rather the animals are well off in their lives. The essay will maintain that animals have rights and have a need to be liberated. We will argue that another point of view from this is a mistake.Philosophers have avoided arguing that not all non-human animals should have rights for two major reasons. The first is because the consequences of doing so are limiting for humanity. The second reason is that the granting of such rights to creatures so simple makes the idea of granting them such rights seem to neediness sense. One such leading author restricts such rights to mentally healthy animals, which are then referred to as gr admitup animals (P allota, 20). Therefore, the argument is presented in three simple facts. The first is that human beings have rights the second fact is that there is no moral difference between humans and adult animals and the third one indicates that the adult animals should have rights, as well.The main argument for this is that both human beings and adult mammals are subject of life. This means that there are several factors that liken all mammals without putting one on a pedestal. The factors include both are similar in terms of biological complexity, they are both aware of their existence. In addition, they know whats happening to them, they prefer some things to others, they make conscious choices, they try to plan their lives, and finally that the length of their life matters to them. Just like human beings, being the subject of a life means that we are of inherent value. Inherent value is not measured in how useful we are in the world and as well, it does not diminish if they are a burden to others. Therefore, adult animals should be afforded rights just as humans.In this lifetime, we cannot all agree on the same thing no matter how irrefutable your facts are. In the case of animal rights, there are more than a few arguments put forward. nearly of these reasons include said facts such as they do not think they are not conscious they were put on this earth to serve man. In addition, they have no souls, they do not behave morally, they are not members of a moral community, they lack the capacity of free judgment and finally, they do not think. For instance, St. Thomas Aquinas records that animals respond to instinct while humans engage in rational thought. This is oddly debatable because there are some humans who do not listen nor react to reason. An article in the New York Times dated 5th April 2012 states that providing animals with rights is c categorical mistake in the philosophy. It overly states, Eagerness to treat animals kindly does not justify imposing ones ho pes and dreams for them on humans (Tibor, 12).Religion, on the other hand, teaches that it is only human beings with souls should merit ethical considerations. Since non-human animals have no soul, then they are not entitled to having any moral rights. This argument is not useful because there are many another(prenominal) controversies in the concept of a soul. It is not humanly possible to establish the existence of a soul in human beings or animals in a definitive experimental manner.In conclusion, it is only sane and morally right to remember that it is in the nature of man to uncover the limits and at the same time legitimize the value appeals of non- human animals. It is only morally right to take animal rights seriously so long as we walk breath and live on this earth with the animals. Animals deserve the decency of clean habitats, food, water and medication. It is their right as dictated by nature, long before man made up his own rules that seeks to make him superior to any other being on this planet. Animals used to roam the earth long before man became civilized and they had their own rules. while and animal might have had a few run-ins, but we lived together. Unlike the simple minds who might think that we are referring to constitutional rights, animals deserve to live well like nature intended for man and animal to co-exist. What matters is that we understand and treat the animals with humanity, after all, only humans can show humanity. As they say, we are all insane, what differentiates us is the level of insanity. In the same respect, we are all animals, what separates us is the level of evolution.ReferencesAnimal Rights Debate. BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. .Animals do not have Rights. The NY Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. .Cody, Shyann. attention for the Animals. Countryside & Small Stock Journal 1 Nov. 2012 45-57. Print.Should Animal Rights Activists Be Held Accountable for Abuse Videos?. BEEF 26 Nov. 2013 67-105. Print.Source document

The True Diary of a Part-Time Indian

In Search of Goal Do you think looking forward and trying to change a bad site into a good one for having a outperform heart is a wrong decision? The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian is a novel written by Sherman Alexie. The novel is about Arnold Spirit everyone c whollys him Junior. He is a teenage boy with a tough life who lives with his family in poverty on a Spokane Indian reservation in Wellpinit, Washington. He hates living in poverty and wants something better for himself. I feel like I might grow up to be somebody important.An artist(6) he claims. His living conditions are horrible he studies in a school with a lack of resources. He considered the different aspects of moving to Reardan, he struggled about leaving the Rez. In the end Junior decided to leave the Rez and make a better life for himself. He must go somewhere else, somewhere that people have hope. In order to get a decent education he made the difficult decision to transfer to the privileged w striki nge school in the town of Reardan. Leaving the Rez for a better life had a negatively charged impact on Juniors relationship with yob.Junior and hooligan were mavens for a long time. He is my best human friend and he cares about me (16), Rowdy has protected me since we were born (17). Rowdy was the most important person in Juniors life. By leaving the Rez, Junior unconnected his friend. When Junior told Rowdy about leaving the Rez he got mad, he hauls off and punched Junior in the face and told him, Dont touch me, you retarded fag (52). Rowdy was baseless with Junior he thought Junior betrayed him by making this decision.Junior was upset about what happened he tangle guilty that their relationship was ruined. I k peeled that my best friend had become my worst enemy(53). In sum, Junior lost his best friend Rowdy because of the decision that he made for a better life. In addition to losing his old friend making new friends at Reardan was hard and slow. When Junior arrived in R eardan he was scared. He didnt k presently what was going to happen with the different students. He was wondering what he was doing in a racist white school. Did you know that Indians are living proof that niggers fuck buffalo? I felt that Roger had kicked me in the face. That was the most racist thing I d ever heard in my life (64) He tried to protect himself when he hit Roger, and he didnt understand why Roger didnt try to hit him back. He was scared about the decision that he made. Arnold was the center of attention and this touch modality made him uncomfortable, They stared at me like I was Bigfoot or a UFO (56). Most of the students rejected him, they called him names like Chief Squaw Boy Tonto (64).It was the loneliest time of his life I just walked from class to class alone I sat at launch alone during PE I stood in the corner of the gym and contend catch with myself (83). He thought that he could make friends, but Reardan students didnt want him in their school. He felt really lonely. As a result, Arnold was lost because everything in Reardan was different from the Rez he knew that it would be hard for him to find his place in the racist school of Reardan. Although he had a lot of external problems with his new life style in Reardan, it was nothing compared to the internal conflict he suffered.Toward the end of the novel Junior was faced with an abundance of death among his family and friends. After the death of his grandmother, sister and his fathers best friend he was sad, and felt that all the bad things that happened to his friend and family were his fault. As a result he felt helpless and stupid I was mad at God (171). I was so depressed that I thought about dropping out of Reardan. I thought about going back to Wellpinit. I blamed myself for all of the death. I had cursed my family.I had left the tribe, and had broken something inside all of us, and I was now being punished for that (173). He carried the guilt of his sisters death I had kill ed my sister. Well, I hadnt killed her. But she only got married so quick and left the Rez because I had left the Rez first. She had burned to death because I had decided that I wanted to spend my life with white people. It was all my fault (211). He took on the burden of responsibility for the death of his sister she was killed in an accident when she was drunk what happened to her wasnt Juniors fault.As result, he was terrified of losing his father, Please God, delight dont kill my daddy (203). Then Junior got some guidance from his father and some words of encouragement from his mother, and Junior began to understand that he made the change in his life for the better. Junior wasnt the reason her sister died, but he had inspired her to follow her dreams as well. The upshot of all this is that, Juniors decision about leaving the Rez and moving to Reardan for a better education was tough.He faced lot of problems he felt lonely because of losing his best friend, and afraid of death of his tribe and family. Although he suffered from the entire bad things that happened to him, it was the best decision that he had made for his life. I realized that I might be a lonely Indian boy, but I was not alone in my loneliness. There were millions of other Americans who had left their birthplaces in search of a dream (217). Work cited Alexie, Sherman. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. New York Little, 2009. Print.

Bug Inc

In both cases surround is liable for negligence and could pay compensatory and punitive damages. As an employer, BUG is bound to protect its employees. In the case of the marketer, BUG can be considered as owner of the land (dock) while the vendor is a licensee. As such, BUG has a duty of ordinary care to the vendor. In defense of a tort liability filed by the vendor, BUG can use the confidence of risk as its defense. It is a fact that the town is experiencing a crime wave.Knowing that it was lunch time, the vendor should pick out simply just returned later instead of waiting. Had the vendor done so, it could not have been robbed and the items to be delivered stolen. However, BUG cannot use the same defense against tort filed by employees. As employees, they are required to report for spend a penny and go home after. BUG can however use contributory negligence as a defense. BUG can use the fact that the set lot was originally well lit.As employees, they should have informed the company of the condition of the lights in the parking lot. Employees should also have updated the company on whether the lights were already resolute or not. 6) Sally can file negligence suit against BUG. BUG knew that an insulator could prevent shorts from happening but did not do so for business reasons. Sally can also file for misrepresentation since BUG continued to manufacture the product despite knowledge of a problem perchance occurring.Sally cannot file for strict liability since the product was not technically defective. Sally however can also file for failure to warn since BUG should have informed its customers of the possibility of a short. Sally can request for compensatory damages, specifically general damages, since she actually suffered harm on her person. As a result of BUG not including the insulator knowing that it could prevent short, Sally can further ask for punitive damages.

Agri-Ecotourism Village in Davao Essay

Davao City, a modern metropolis bursting with life, verve and color, located in a land area of 244,000 hectares touted as the worlds largest in land area. This city, teeming with a vibrant populace, is bustling hub of commerce, education, tourism, arts, culture and soundlyness in gray Philippines. (Department of Tourism 2013). It is one of the fastest developing cities in the Philippines. Beca workout of the vastness of its area, the city has within it a series of different ancestries and cultural communities.This fast-paced urbanization has caused numerous of our cultures to become victim of neglect. The indigenous communities continue to grow smaller and smaller every year bringing with them some of the old practices that we have long forgotten. gloss is no longer of importance in our society unlike modernization. The more we develop, the more we push these autochthonic people farther from our society and farther from their origins resulting in poor living environments and the loss of our own culture.Agriculture is a significant factor in the growth of our country. It produces 17% of our GDP and involves 33% of Philippine Labor. 66% of countries poorest population is composed of the agriculture sector and 33% percent of this contributes to the greenhouse emission. Organic agriculture is a contributor to the citys economy and the accomplishment of food security, ecological sustainability and the wellbeing of the people of Davao City. Organic agriculture cannot co-exist with genetically-modified crops, chemically produced crops and related organisms.The demand for organic products produced by these indigenous communities increase every year. world-wide demand for organic products is estimated at 15. 6 Billion Dollars, while RP organic exports have only reached 18 Million dollars. (Avila 2013) The preservation of our cultures is important as well as helping the indigenous community. Other than helping preserve our culture, we can also benefit from the old practices and harness from it, other resources found within the Indigenous Community.This study was conducted so as to find ways on how not to saturate but to improve this communitys way of living without the use of highly extractive resources but the use of sustainable resources instead. It hopes to find way in improving the agricultural sector as well as promote it to the public. The shape shall adapt to the indigenous peoples way of living without necessarily using modern Architecture but of using Indigenous Architecture. It shall be a model for every future developments on indigenous villages.

Money spent on weapons is largely wasted Essay

Many countries lose waged in programs of purchasing and manufacturing weapons. Countries drip a jackpot of cash in these weapons manufacture. There accept been heated debates that have risen as a result of the expenses that the countries incur. There argon those who competes that the large sum of notes washed-out in manufacturing weapons could be used in opposite sectors of economy that would help the citizens in a more than direct way for example education and health sector. On the former(a) hand, in that respect argon those who argue that it is good for the countries to perish the money because weapons act as security for the people.This paper discusses the issue that money dog-tired in weapons is largely wasted. The first part of the paper discusses why money dog-tired on weapons is largely wasted and the second part will look at reasons as to why the money for the weapons is non wasted. There are basic needs that people in a country need. There are food, quality shelter and clothing, which they can non live without. Many countries spend so oftentimes money on weapons plot their citizens are dying of poverty. Instead of spending money on changing the lifestyle of the people, most governments spend large sums of money to buy weapons.Most of the weapons that umteen governments spend money to buy are not even for the security of the nation but for power protection. The governments use the weapons to suppress any opposition that it magnate be facing within the country. The money used in money rooted from the country banks and money raised from tax (Smith, 1989). For example, what used to happen in Iraq during the reign of Saddam Hussein where it is he spent a lot of money to manufacture and barter for weapons for his own power protection.Many of the well cognize world dictators to a fault spend more money on weapons than they use for the welfare of their people (Cleave, 2001). contend arises as people fail to agree on various important a spects for example boundary conflicts or political differences. This means that war is a man made thing because it is the people who decide to engage in war. There are many ways that can be used to conclude conflicts without attractive in war. Despite the fact that war is one of the means that can be used to solve conflicts it should always be used as the last option in any conflict closedown management and transformation.Other peace initiatives such(prenominal) as use of dialogue, mediation and arbitration between the unconnected sides are cheaper and healthier than war. Therefore, governments allover the world should concentrate on making people aware of immenseness of peace maintenance and on conflict resolutions. This would be more logic and cheap that spending billions of dollar on weapons to be used on wars (Quinlan, 2009). Peace education and awareness would not cost much because the most important thing is just to come up with programs on how this would be carried.On t he other hand, weapons are so much expensive because they entail either importing them or manufacturing them, which is very costly because of the labour and the technology use in their manufacture. Therefore, it would be waste of money on the weapons for war kinda of using some other ways, which are more cheap and healthier to solve conflicts. Weapons are ravaging in their making and in the way that they are used. During wars, there are a lot of destructions that are done by the use of weapons both to human and to infrastructure. Many lives are lost as a result because of destructive weapons.Countries undergo also of loses as a result of war. Most countries that have ever engaged in wars have repercussions that are difficult to resolve in their economies. They spend a lot of money in the reconstructions. Therefore, there is lack of logic to spend so much money to purchase or manufacture weapons that would cause a lot of destructions that would require even more money to restruct ure. This is figure loss to the country because once the weapons are used they cannot be reused again. The money spent on the weapons and also in reconstruction of the damages caused could be used in other development in a country (Great Britain.Parliament. star sign of Lords, 1990). However, on the other hand money spent on weapons is not waste. This is because many countries are faced with threats from outside and, therefore, they need to be on alert all the time and be armed. In the world we are living today, there are a lot of threats to national security, for example, terrorists. These are threat, which can attack a nation even without prior signs. Therefore, if a country is got unaware there might be bad repercussions, as the country cannot defend itself if it does not have enough blazonry to face the enemies.It is therefore advisable for countries to have sophisticated weapons, which are able to protect the country from enemies such as terrorist who use modern weapons. Thi s would act as a way of restoring the pride and sovereignty of a country (Needler, 1996). Weapons manufacturing has also become an industry that many people are employed in and a sector, which is used to gauge the rate of development of a country. Many people are employed in weapon industries where they work in various sectors of the industry (McNaugher, 1989).This helps to raise the living standards of the people. A country, which invests more on this industry, offers more employment opportunities to its people. People in a country, which have sophisticated weapons, have a mavin of security as they feel that they have enough protection. Therefore, the money that their countries spend on the weapons is not a waste to them but acts as a source of security and also an investment where they can outsmart jobs. It is also worth to spend much money in weapons if that is what other countries are doing.This is because if other countries have sophisticated weapons which another country doe s not have this is a threat to the country because if anything happens and the countries engage in war it is to the disadvantage of the country without enough weapons. Therefore, much spending on weapons is not waste as this is a trend that many countries have taken even as technology continues to develop. This is just the same(p) way countries are spending so much money in modern technology, for example, in buy computers and other modern technology equipments (Forest, 2006).Therefore, as the debate continues governments from various countries have their own reasons as to why they have to spend so much money on weapons. However, it is important for any government to spend money equitably in all its sectors so that it does not spend much on weapons and forgets other sectors, which are basic for the country. This would make the people not to see as if their government is wasting money on weapons. References Cleave, J. (2001) Christianity behaviour, attitudes & lifestyles, New York, H einemann. Forest, J. (2006) Homeland Security Public spaces and social institutions,Vol 2, New York, Greenwood Publishing Group. Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. (1990) The parliamentary debates (Hansard) official report, Volume 531, H. M. S. O. McNaugher, T. (1989) New weapons, old politics Americas military procurance muddle, New York, Brookings Institution closet. Needler, M. (1996) Identity, interest, and ideology an introduction to politics, New York, Greenwood Publishing Group. Quinlan, M. (2009) Thinking about nuclear weapons principles, problems, prospects Oxford University Press US. Smith, J. (1989) The worlds wasted wealth the political economy of waste, Michigan, New Worlds Press.

Revisiting The Golden Era Of Hindi Cinema

A country of 1.2 meg people, the ancient civilisation of India is a melting pot of cultures and juxtapositions. It is a land that will assault your senses both(prenominal) around. The vibrant colours, exotic aromas, cacophony of sounds, and the amalgamation of flavours will both enchant and offend. Within it more(prenominal) than 20 native dialects ar spoken. But in this diversity there is unity found in the frequent language of their movies. Such is the power and hold over audiences of Indian selects. In the space of a darken picture show, everyone is equal momentarily.The social and economic divides that separate rickshaw driver from the IT engineer be broken and ignored. It provides an shunning from humanity, the ultimate dream factory where for those three hours, you can be whoever you desire to be. The restraints of status, social standing, wealth, religion, education atomic number 18 for a moment forgotten as the audience are compelled to lose themselves in the wor ld play out before them on the large projection screen.As the largest producer of films, the Indian film industry beats both Hollywood and China in terms of the number of films churned out all(prenominal) year. Having accrued such a status through the production of more than 2000 films in Indias various languages, it is no wonder that the supernatural spell cast upon Indian moving picture goers is a hard one to break.The Golden Era Of Films forties to 1960sThe Indian film industry is one of the most well-known film industries in the world now. Indian films are regularly world featured in the top film festivals and Indian actors/actresses are being flooded with offers from Hollywood. Much of the conviction for this normality goes to the film makers of the 1940s to the 1960s who make some evergreen classics that made the world sit up and take notice of Indian films. This age marked the beginning of evolution of Indian celluloid though various genres. We had main rain cat s and dogs film makers like Raj Kapoor who, in the most conservative and conventional era, made some of the most inventive, personal and entertaining films such as Awara(1951) and Shree 420 (1955).Mother India, which m either consider the superlative movie of Indian pic, was made in 1957. The film got India its first nomination to the Oscars as the best outside(prenominal) film. Some of the other must-watch movies of this era are Mahal (1949), Do Aankhein Barah Haath (1957), Madhumati (1958) and Mughal-e-Aazam (1960). Movies of various genres, including romance, drama, comedy and tragedy, were made, each with spectacular learning in storyline, memorable characters and heart-touching narration. Another acclaimed director and writer of this era was Mr. Kamal Amrohi. His movies had an expressionist direction with a wet structure and poetic style throughout, that is missing from the modern Bollywood movies. He only made four movies totally and seeing Mahal its clear that his mai n career was as a poet.The film is full of melodic images, depth of distance and contour and characterisations that inter-relate on several levels at once the logical, the psychological, the emotional and the metaphysical. The Golden progress of Hindu pic that blossomed with the studio era of the 1950s and ebbed by the early 1970s is one of Indias greatest artistic achievements. A lot of Hindi films made during that time, could hardly be called Hindi films.Rather, Hindustani, a mixture of Urdu and Hindi, was the lingua franca of the silver-screena reflection of a country unified by a fascinatingly diverse heritage with linguistic influences from Sanskrit, Farsi, Bengali, Arabic, Panjabi, and a myriad of others. Urdu in films was remarkably accessibleholding a place for any viewer in every genre. True, it is unlikely the entire audience understood each word in those songs. However, in this manner, film and music could be educational for those who did nota droll way of preserving the culture they reflected back on. As check picture palace diva Shabana Azmi aptly quipped,If you compare todays songs with the songs of the 1960s and 1970s, past definitely todays songs are according to the demand. But if you see, Hindi films exampled to protect the Urdu language as they used it, but it is slowly dying and I flavor bad for it. The legacy of Urdu will continue to add to the allure and nostalgia of old films for generations to come. For the loss of Urdu is more than the unstained loss of vocabulary. Without Urdu in Hindi films, we countenance lost our own andaaz the manner with which we once communicated our thoughts and feelings, our decorum, and a rich, significant ornamentation inexpressing ourselves that can never be replaced. Famous movies of this era being Mughal-e-Aazam, Pakeeza etc.Some of the most censoriously acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period. While mercenary Hindi cinema was thriving, the 1950s also saw the br anch of a new check Cinema exploit. Though the movement was mainly led by Bengali cinema, it also began gaining prominence in Hindi cinema. Early examples of Hindi films in this movement involve Chetan Anands Neecha Nagar (1946) and Bimal Roys Do Bigha Zameen -Two Acres of Land (1953).Some of the internationally acclaimed Hindi filmmakers involved in the movement included Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani, Shyam Benegal and Vijaya Mehta. These films won several awards nationally and internationally and Their critical acclaim, as well as the mercenary victory, paved the way for Indian neorealism and the Indian New Wave. Subrata Mitra, who debuted as a cinematographer with this film, has been a great influence on India and the world in the field of cinematography.Ray is considered as one of the greatest directors of all-time. Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak went on to make many other great art films, and other talented directors such as Mrinal Sen, Adoor Gopa lakrishnan, Mani Kaul and Buddhadeb Dasgupta followed suit. In the 1960s, Indira Gandhi, as the Information and Broadcasting Minster, further instigated offbeat cinema with the official Film Finance potful supporting such movies. The films received great commercial success as well as critical acclaim. Guru Dutts Pyaasa (1957) and Kagaz Ke Phool (1959) are among the finest movies ever made.This era was a rosy age for Indian music as well, giving us melodious music that continues to inspire music directors till date. Playback singers such as Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhonsle, Kishore Kumar, Mohd Rafi and godsend Dey reached the zenith of their careers during this era. We had some of the most amazing and charismatic actors like Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Dev Anand who cast a spell on the Indian audiences with their fresh style and acting talent. The most beautiful women ever seen on celluloid, such as Madhu Bala, Vyjayanthi Mala, Meena Kumari and Waheeda Rahman, graced the screen duri ng this period. They had not just beauty but great actingtalent, which helped them play the most challenging roles with uttermost(a) ease and perfection.Overall, the 1940s 60s was a period that revolutionized Indian cinema. Prior to this period, most movies centered around mythological, diachronic or family related themes. Romance was visualized in the most beautiful and sensitive manner during this period, and in a ordination where almost everyone had arranged marriages, it brought about a fresh wave of thought among the youth. The films envisioned everyday lives as well as larger social issues in a subtle, yet super impactful manner, and remain as inspiration for generations of film makers to come.Parallel Cinema Rise and Fall What is Parallel Cinema?The Indian New Wave, commonly known in India as Art Cinema or Parallel Cinema as an alternative to the mainstream commercial cinema, is a detail movement in Indian cinema, known for its unplayful content, realism and naturali sm, with a keen eye on the socio-political climate of the time. This movement is distinct from main stream Bollywood cinema. The term parallel cinema has started being applied to off-beat films produced in Bollywood, where art films have begun experiencing resurgence. This led to the emergence of a distinct genre known as Mumbai noir, urban films reflecting social problems in the city of Mumbai. In contemporary cinema, the term parallel cinema is being used to describe any out of the lash movie.Parallel cinema essentially is made up of the non-mainstream films that are not made for commercial successes or garnering profits. These are usually low-budget movies, and focus on the social or political issues prevalent in our nation. The customs duty of parallel cinema can be dated long back into the 1920s and 1930s. The annals of Indian Cinema cannot be told without the mention of Indias biggest director ever, Guru Dutt. He has been time and again accredited with ushering the golden era of Indian cinema. His work was purely artistic and lyrical in terms of content and enjoyed commercial success. He was loved by the audience despite the fact that his work was based on subjects that were considered forbidden at that time.Fall Of Parallel Cinema Some Hindi filmmakers such as Shyam Benegal continued to produce earthy Parallel Cinema throughout the 1970s, alongside Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani and Vijaya Mehta. However, the art film bent of the Film Finance potty came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the trunk of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema. The 1970s thus saw the rise of commercial cinema or the so called popular cinema. Many movies from popular cinema never actually convey popular then why such movies are called popular? They are out of mind as soon as they are out of sight.Cinema critics have euphemistically termed such movies, which are primarily th ink to entertain and make big bucks, though commercial, as popular. Popular cinema, the term used for cinema which is less thought make but is more leisurely and mellow-dramatic. Popular cinema emerged in the 60s and 70s and since then has been successful. Popular may be less in intellectual content, but enjoys more commercial success than parallel cinema. It has always been loved by the masses for the escape it offers from the gruelling daily life. There have been fewer times when parallel cinema has enjoyed the kind of success and acceptance popular cinema does and gets. Parallel cinema has always been liked by a particular kind of audience, a trend that fortunately seems to be ever-changing now.Parallel cinema, a category of cinema very advantageously crafted for the inclusion of possible movie a kind of realism that doesnt get mass acceptance because of how hard striking it can be. Parallel cinema has been in existence since the emergence of Indian cinema. It all started whe n no specific category existed and all kinds of movies were given equal importance. Unapologetically, the audience showed preference to a certain category which had elements of legerdemain and mushiness. As a result, a new class of cinema emerged which promised to be real and thought provoking a cinema that was proud of being artsy.The reason why parallel cinema is not an stillly blessed child might lie in the fact that it is real. It shows the reality and truth croupe things. Cinema is considered a means to escape from reality and paying money to see that same reality in a more vivid manner doesnt appeal to many. In todays Bollywood scenario, quantity (of moolah) finds precedence over quality (of scripts) and slapstick, verging-towards-obscenecomedies and typical love stories with the boo-hoos and item songs are the super-mega-blockbusters.The films nowadays put up to multiplex audience and they are bound to make a film which sells, no matter even if it is rubbish. The advent of numerous channels, the consumerist culture and the expansion of urban India has given birth to urban-centric audiences. The cinema which once portrayed class struggles and protests against hypocrisy, has given way to more entertaining cinema. The situation is rather bleak for the lover of adept and purposeful cinema. The filmmakers who make serious films have failed to make the cut in todays times and the classics are lost.The Changing Times In these 100 years of cinema, one can see how society has developed because cinema in some way or another reflects society. Cinema is seen like any other industry now. The acceptance of different film genres surely doesnt seem like a big thing now as it was in its early years. Even the mindset of the audience is changing with the evolution of cinema. Film makers thus have the courage to make such movies now, and people are more than willing to see and appreciate these films for their intriguing content.There are now a number of directors w hich enjoy popular success with films that are high on intellectual content too, like Vishal Bhardwaj, Anurag Kashyap and Dibakar Banerjee to name a few. Actors are more than willing to take the risk and be a part of the kind of cinema that has a number of constraints involved. Its not going to be long when the lines will be blurred between what is popular and what is parallel cinema. . Both commercial and parallel cinema can co-exist, but only if we wantTodays Need We need a platform for both these cinemas i.e Commercial or parallel cinema to co-exist. Both these genres need equal recognition. A lot of people are not cognizant of the less popular, art or parallel cinema. We need to naturalise people about the existence/history and idea of such cinema. The common masses need to be organised about the various aspects that go behind the making of a film. To encourage and promote young talent to make more meaningful cinema more and more youths are taking up a career in films.They d o not have a common platform to showcase their talents or get enoughcredit or recognition for their films. We need a common platform for an convert of ideas to take place. We need to promote todays generation and encourage them to watch and learn from the film legends of the past, who were the pioneers of various genres of Indian cinema and brought international fame to the Indian film industry. Preserve, Promote, showcase and educate the common masses today, about the golden era of classic cinema , that brought India, international recognition back in the day.Aim To forge a mixed use public space showcasing, preserving and promoting the cinematic heritage of the Golden Era Of Hindi film industry i.e from 1940s- 1970s.Objective To design a unique tourist attraction for all visitors coming to Mumbai to experience various aspects of Hindi cinema and understand the process of film making in an entertaining way. To bridge the gap between the film industry and the general audiences a nd to promote young artists and talent by creating a common platform for the exchange of thoughts and ideas and educating them about the rich Cinematic heritage of Hindi cinema.To develop a Hindi Cine-museum to Preserve, Promote, showcase and educate the common masses today, about the Golden Era of classic cinema along with the parallel cinema that co-existed during that time, through exhibition, articles, posters, sets etc. To create platforms to showcase both Commercial and parallel cinema and their co-existence. We need to educate people about the existence/history and idea behind such cinema.

Public Relations and Social Media

Figure 1 BDI Logo An essay on the inexor adequate pass over adds use of genial media for prevalent traffic purposes. Major Assessment How is social media being utilize by not-for-profit institutions for PR purposes? Choose one not-for-profit organisation operating in Australia and discuss with reference to universal relations and new media theory how the organisation is using social media to manage their central stakeholders and community groups online. The practice of human beings relations has keep in linen a change in recent years, and now allows many and varied tools including new media.The term new media encompasses a variety of non-traditional methods including social media. This essay discusses the use of social media in a public relations capacity, to assist in managing an organisations key stakeholders and community groups online. The focus organisation is the gruesome detent make up (BDI), a notfor-profit organisation and an educational, research, clinica l and community-oriented facility offering specialist expertise in mood disorders ( bleak Dog Institute, 2012).When considering how an organisation uses social media, it is of the essence(predicate) to understand who the key stakeholders are and besides what constitutes social media tools. Some of the instals key stakeholders (otherwise known as the specific target audience) include wellness professionals, donors/sponsors and government agencies. So, with some of the key stakeholders defined, what then is social media? Social media, as a whole, is online media with which you the user hindquarters participate.Mayfield (2008) states that social media of all kind shares most (or all) of the following characteristics participation, contributeness, conversation, community and contact. The Black Dog set has used several social media tools to get their message out to the wider community. The use of these new media tools, specifically social media tools, assists not-for-profit org anisations such(prenominal)(prenominal) as The Black Dog Institute in managing their key stakeholders and community groups online. Social media is fast enough an effective tool for public relations purposes and The Black Dog Institute has mplemented a variety of tools such as wikis, social networking, blogging, video, an interactive web commit and applications suitable for iPhone, iPad and iPod. Figure 2 Social Media The Black Dog Institute engages in wikis such as The Mental Health Wiki. The Mental Health Wiki (2012) which claims to be a collaborative, open platform for capturing high quality information in the mental health field is open to anyone even the land site unaccompanied allows suitably qualified mint to contribute. So how does this wiki help The Black Dog Institute manage their key stakeholders?Through participation, the institute is able to demonstrate their expertise in the area of mental health therefore enhancing their reputation among other health organisation s. Wikis are a potential destination for online rapscallion 2 of 7 PRN101 Major Assignment research and thus by contributing to such, the organisation is able to continuously improve relationships between themselves and their stakeholders (medical professionals) As a fundamental function of public relations is to get on mutually beneficial relationships, the contributions supplied by the institute on the Mental Health Wiki would be accessible by other health care professionals.This accessibility is a key in building such relationships, and in turn, the institute has access to other organisations research material. On the flip side however, it is important for the institute to consider the legal ramifications of contributing to such a fabrication. Flynn (2012) states that social media content green goddess be subpoenaed and used to support (or sink) an organisation in the event of litigation, therefore it is important that the institute adheres to laws affecting PR such as copyr ight, privacy and the Trade Practices Act.Facebook is a social networking site offering community, conversation and connectedness and is another largely accessible social media tool with which The Black Dog Institute has engaged. Their active Facebook site allows community groups to interact and remain connected with the institute. The site offers news feeds, events, videos and the option for like minded people to contribute to the site through posts discussions. Figure 3 BDI FaceBook page According to Solis (2009) social networking is not vertical about socialising, its about leveraging the network to increase visibility for expertise, reputation and activity.As you can see with the image, the Black Dog Institutes Facebook page includes a picture of their facility, but is this the kind of visibility we refer to in PR? To increase their visibility (or exposure) the institute utilises social network i. e. Facebook to promote upcoming events, VIP associations, and other online pre sences such as websites/twitter and to provide another avenue to access their products for sale. By using social networking to increase their visibility, the institute develops another avenue to increase donations and much needed funds.Page 3 of 7 PRN101 Major Assignment Blogging is another social media tool that has been adopted by The Black Dog Institute, through the use of Twitter a micro-blogging site. Their Twitter blogs allow readers to pull information that is relevant to them and with the dynamic nature of blogging the institute gains a genuine insight into the opinions of their public. In terms of public relations, blogging assists the organisation to make a constant and up-to-date connection with its publics.The Black Dog Institute embraces that connection and continues to build a network (or community) of like minded people and remain connected with their audiences. With one of the most important functions of public relations being to crap understanding, blogging sit es such as Twitter allows The Black Dog Institute to create this understanding. Some media tools do not allow participation from an organisations public, however through blogging a two-way process is encouraged thereby creating a mutual understanding.It is important to acknowledge that a forum involving two-way conversation can again place the organisation in a vulnerable perspective both its legally and socially responsible position. Therefore maintaining an ethical approach to the blogging process, with a deliberate phase of action, can help to reduce this vulnerability. Figure 4 YouTube Videos are another social media tool that an organisation can use to remain connected with their public. Sites like YouTube are becoming increasingly popular with individuals and organisations alike.The Black Dog Institute has a YouTube channel, where subscribers can upload videos and also comment on videos uploaded by others. The institute joined the YouTube phenomenon in September, 2011. At p resent there are only two videos available on their own channel, however when you search the term black cut across institute several others have been uploaded (as indicated in the above image). This indicates an increasing awareness of the institute through an often entertaining and light hearted forum. Videos offer the institute the opportunity to present their organisation in an honest and accurate way.Further development of their YouTube channel can be achieved Page 4 of 7 PRN101 Major Assignment through commenting on other contributor uploads regarding the institute and its activities from other users. Other tools utilised by the institute, which are a little out of the scope of this essay, include an iPod/iPad application The Black Dog Pedometer. This tool gives the institutes stakeholders/community access to not only a pedometer but also a link to learn more about the institute and also a donation option.In terms of public relations, the pedometer application increases the organisations image as an authority on the pillow slip of mental health and mood disorders. The institute also has a website developed specifically for teenagers www. biteback. org. au which as a whole is not a social media tool however the blog component of the site offers interaction and participation by subscribers. The Bite Back website allows the BDI public relations team to take a proactive approach to their subject of expertise, offering an engaging and interactive forum for their younger community groups.As you can see throughout this essay, social media assists the Black Dog Institute in its public relations plans. Tools previously outlined such as wikis, social networking, blogging and videos assist the institute in building and improving relationships with their key stakeholders and to increase awareness and visibility of their organisation. As the momentum of social media continues, further opportunities may develop for the institute. Trimester 1, 2012 Page 5 of 7 PRN 101 Major Assignment Reference List Figures Figure 1 Black Dog Institute Logo www. lackdoginstitute. org. au (accessed 30 April, 2012) Figure 2 Social Media http//masoncadeagency. com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/07/SMO_Social_Media_Optimization. jpg (accessed 3 May, 2012) Figure 3 Black Dog Institute Facebook page http//www. facebook. com/blackdoginst (accessed 5 May, 2012) Figure 4 YouTube screenshot lendable http//www. youtube. com/results? search_query=black+dog+institute+&oq=black+dog +institute+&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=youtube. 3 16614. 20473. 0. 21177. 22. 19. 1. 2. 2. 1. 30 3. 2779. 5j7j6j1. 19. 0 0. 0. (accessed 6 May, 2012)Bibliography Texts Ali, M 2006, Public Relations Creating an IMAGE, Heinemann, Oxford, GB Chaffey, D & Smith, PR. 2010, eMarketing eXcellence Planning and optimizing your digital marketing, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Flynn, N, 2012, Social media handbook policies and better practices to effectively manage your organizations social media presence, posts, and potential risks. Wiley, Australia Harrison, Kim 2011, Strategic Public Relations A Practical consume to Success, Palgrave Macmillan, South Yarra, Australia Lee, R & Kotler, P. 011, Social Marketing Influencing Behaviors for Good, 4th edition. Sage, California Rix, P, 2011, Marketing A Practical Approach, McGraw Hill, northeastern Ryde, Australia. Solis, B & Breakenridge, D. 2009, Putting the Public Back in Public Relations How Social Media Is Reinventing the Aging short letter of PR, Pearson Education, New Jersey Page 6 of 7 PRN101 Major Assignment eBooks and PDFs Junee,T 2012, PRN101_Social_Media_2012-2 Slide. THINK APM College of Business, Sydney Mayfield, A. 2008 What is Social Media? v1. 4 updated 1 August 2008 http//www. crossing. co. uk/fileadmin/uploads/eBooks/What_is_Social_Media_iCrossing_eb ook. pdf (accessed 3 May, 2012) Weblinks Black Dog Insitute. 2012. About Us Black Dog Institute. Available http//www. blackdoginstitute. org. au/aboutus/overview. cf m (accessed 6 April, 2012) Harris, A. 2012. Be Social Media Savvy. Available http//www. pria. com. au/priablog/be-social-media-savvy (accessed 7 April, 2012) Mental Health Wiki. 2012. enter Available http//www. mentalhealthwiki. org/deki/plugins/register/register. php (accessed 2 May,2012) Facebook. 012. Key Facts. Available http//newsroom. fb. com/content/default. aspx? NewsAreaId=22 (accessed 1 May, 2012) YouTube. 2012. Search results for Black Dog Institute. Available http//www. youtube. com/results? search_query=black+dog+institute+=black+dog+instit ute+=f===youtube. 3 16614. 20473. 0. 21177. 22. 19. 1. 2. 2. 1. 303. 2779. 5j7j6 j1. 19. 0 0. 0. (accessed 18 April, 2012) Black Dog Bite Back. 2012. Blogs Available http//www. biteback. org. au/ (accessed 2 May, 2012) Page 7 of 7 PRN101 Major Assignment

Bald Soprano Research Paper

A Cycle, A Cycle, A Cycle No one is bald, nor is there a vocalizing soprano. So what is going on in Ionescos The denudate Soprano? Ionesco slowly strips his characters of every last(predicate) things that gear up them religion, roots, the way in which they communicate and at generation, even the functioning of their brains. Thus creating blank servicemans with no individual character who atomic number 18 useless and absurd. Now these people with no concrete definition to their universe are to screw in this gigantic world to the best of their ability. Their lives arent normal ones.Ionesco brings out the ridiculousness in his characters by excluding any solid foundation or motivation for living on earth. oneness very important form of guidance on lifes travel is m. If there was no concept of time then all chaos would ensue and no one would know when anything is to be founding fathere. It is also a key factor to know how to live and cypher alongside time to work with it, non against it. Will they be able to live in some sense of normality or will they be off on their own supernova to be absurd for evermore.Through the use of symbolism, irony and dialogue, Eugene Ionescos, The Bald Soprano pick outs the melodic theme that life is a never-ending motorbike to express the silliness of the human condition. The oscillation of life is symbolized through with(predicate) the quantify to reveal that the characters are stuck in an dateless loop of time. The clock count onms to soak up on a life all its own. It seems to decide when it requires to ring and how many times. The clock rings in a way that is quite shocking to the audience. This is because in the real world a clock does not normally ring 17 times. Nor is it normal for it to shoot out random times that fagt even go in order.In only one moment The clock strikes seven times. Silence. The clock strikes triad times. Silence (The Bald Soprano 2). in that location seems to be no set regimen f or time to equal. Time in the encounter is unorganized and almost absent in its common purpose. In no assertable way could these characters even keep back the smallest possible chance of some normal routine when they have no constant to guide them through. Yes, Time is present but it is not the way in which we calculate it. in that respect is no iterateing pattern in this aspect and yet it still proceeds on which causes an endless loop of lunacy from which they cannot escape.The peculiar thing about it is the characters are not even finding it odd, as this is their notion of normalcy. In the playing period the abnormal is treated as if it were thoroughly normal (knowlson). And its funny because they dont even realize that it never rings the same way or goes in a repeating pattern. The clock is random. It intrudes illogically. There is no logic in the smiths lives. The concept of pragmatism is being distorted and no ounce of sense remains. The characters are flat, broad and general, which clearly emphasizes the absurdity of the human condition trying to find a meaning and purpose to life.Even the primary characters last find out, which is Smith, is so pellucid and typical. The plays cyclical structure accentuates repetition of the illogical happenings in the incompatible world in which the Smiths, Martins, the Maid and the nurture Chief live in. The play includes a circular trajectory that ends where it began (Kraus), thus causing the whole disoriented cycle to inception over and where the characters are involuntarily perplexed for all eternity. The characters live in a world of irony. They are lost in a continuum of memory board loss without even realizing that they are losing their minds.Considering they dont realize, they have no recollection of what has been going on around them and therefore not cognise what their purpose is in being where they are. This constant back and forth concept is for one, ironic because they have no memory of no lo nger having memory, but it is also mind-boggling. Mrs. Smith says, We were expecting them. And we were hungry. Since they didnt put in an appearance, we were going to start dinner without them. Weve had nothing to eat all day (The Bald Soprano 4). Mrs. Smith said she and Mr. Smith were going to eat but they didnt.The characters cant even remember what decisions they made and cant remember to follow them. There is no stable element to guide them along a cool it path. In the real world our memories our like our personal book of stories that hold the events that have happened in our lives. It defines us as a person of who we are in the past as well as who we are now. We as humans also interpret things we experience differently and remember things in different ways. though we rely on our memory and mind quite heavily, who says it is a reliable resource to begin with?Ionesco is pointing towards the approximation that our minds cant possibly do everything for us as well as remember anyt hing and everything we want it to. Unreliability of the memory is a concept that Ionesco wants us to take a look at, and that is a native human failure that is part of our absurdity. As seen in The Bald Soprano the mind isnt of all time a dependable tool that is conducive to everyday living. Our experiences make up our lifes journey and define our being. Ionescos characters do not know who they are and their purpose for living. At the end of the play the two couples switch places.The Smiths become the Martins and the Martins the Smiths. This results in a da capo conclusion with the haggling that had been spoken by the Smiths at the beginning of the play are now being spoken by the Martins (Knowlson). Its ironic how they repeat the story but as different people but with the same name, because what is the purpose of having a name and being somebody if anyone can be anyone? Ionesco brings out inconsistency, which is a major factor in the play and possibly a factor in our lives. Witho ut consistency the lives in which we lead would insufficiency middle and meaning.Ionesco suggests the idea of a normal daily schedule in which a human being can follow and keep order is a necessity. The human condition may seem absurd at times because what really is the point in doing the same thing everyday for as long as we live? The answer is, the consistency in the constant never ending cycle is life, which is why we are living. There may be nonsense in the play but somehow it leads to sense. The ironic statements due to memory loss show the absurdity in which humans possess. Mr. Smith is one who can be categorised as so.Without his memory he puts out ironic phrases without even putting thought to it and this leads to a lack of sentence structure. The play is made up of dialogue that sometimes seems to lack a sense of logic. The phraseology in the play decreases in substance as the play progresses. The language flows independently from meaning (Feal). The words are not commu nicating what they seem to say but rather the underlying meaning, which is found in the way the language is utilize or how really how it is informally used. Language and meaning march to the beatnik of a different drum.The words are separate entities that work independently yet together to convey Ionescos view on language, which is that it is made out to be more than what it is really worth. Language is used as a communicator and the order, or lack of it, in which words are placed, conveys a message of fine insanity. The characters actions contradict words, and their words contradict their actions. Even the title is misleading, since there is no bald soprano in the play (Esteban). Ionesco writes where there is meaning in no meaning, so he probably intended on writing with meaning all along.The characters talk just to talk and they really have nothing of wideness to say. As the play drags on while the structure becomes less and less until dialogue has lost all value and made into mere exchange (Knowlson). The words on the page are out of kernel and have become particles of matter that are floating in the air. The more they talk, the less they are rattling communicating and this is causing the precious tool of language to no longer articulate. Like when Mr. Smith states The pontiff elopes The popes got no horoscope.The horoscopes bespoke (The Bald Soprano 17). The play starts out with sentences that make no sense at all then it breaks down to just words without meaning until finally all that is left is a bunch of frenzied sounds. The characters have gotten quite angry that they lost all ability to communicate that their prate swells up into mushy sound. They live in a never-ending cycle of insignificant discourse. This is Ionesco pointing out the absurdity of how humans converse. The Bald Soprano is a piece under the genre of the Absurd. It is very easy to see why.In this genre a common aspect is that the characters are rapt in an endlessly repeating cycl e. This cycle usually leads nowhere as it is a cycle with no beginning and no end. Ionesco uses this cycle to simulate life. Life is filled with a bunch of meaningless things that fill our everyday lives. Banana. When something is of meaning we know because we have experienced the everyday typical life of a human. Broadway. Dreams. Goals. Thats what we are. Well thats what we should be. Life is beautiful much repeating. Repeating. Repeating. Repeating. We have a set way of doing things and we follow it.We repeat these actions to fill up our lives with substance so that there is at least something there to start with and so that we have the ability to hold out forward and continue. Think of it as muscles. Muscles give our body substance to stand up and it is what allows us to fall upon as well as other necessary functions. In our world we use a clock to stay in touch with time. Time. Timing. Bad timing. Time is a fundamental concept that guides humans through life, gives structur e, as well as ages and heals. We also say funny things sometimes and we do use a language to communicate. It is how we use all these things that matters.

Teens and Plastic Surgery

Should juveniles get tractile surgical process? Unlike adults who undergo tensile operating theatre to turn back the clock, nearly teenagers crave shaping surgery just to fit in. Many reports bring up that plastic surgery is now topping teen wish lists. This raises the question of whether teens ar rise fair to middling to be making a decision that poses risks and that will permanently change their appearance. The definition of plastic surgery is surgery to remodel, get, or restore trunk parts, especially by the transfer of tissue (cosmetic surgery, 2007).The some common surgical procedures performed on teens 18 years and younger ar otoplasty (ear surgery), rhinoplasty, dumbbell reduction, and gynecomastia. Otoplasty was the most(prenominal) favourite surgical procedures in 2010 (ASAPS, 2012, para. 4). Ear surgery is usually root oned for children age five or six, but give nonice be done as young as four years old. Correcting the ears prior to the child outgrowt h school helps eliminate psychological trauma from teasing. Rhinoplasty is a nose reshaping procedure.The procedure erect be done when the nose has completed ninety percentage of its growth, which occurs as early as age bakers dozen to fourteen in girls and fifteen to sixteen in boys (ASAPS, 2012, para. 5). Breast reduction is performed on females with overly oversize pectuss that whitethorn stick back and shoulder pain. It eject also restrict physical activity. Gynecomastia is excessive rapper development in boys. Excess tissue is removed from the breast to make for a more masculine ashes. This condition may disappear at the end of puberty. mathematical operation usually becomes an excerption if gynecomastia has been present for more than twain years or if the problem is severe. According to the American Society for Aesthetic elastic Surgery (ASAPS) it can become a big psychological problem for teenage boys. According to the Consumer Guide to pliable Surgery, on that point be plastic surgery procedures that teens should avoid. Teens should avoid breast enhancements, liposuction, cheek implants and botox. When it comes to breast enhancements, only saline-filled breast implants atomic number 18 used in teens.By law, in the unite States a teen has to be at least eighteen years old to get breast implants, and this is because the breast may still be developing. There are some exceptions to this rule such as if a teen is born with a congenital defect, on that point is trauma, or a disease that may require breast reconstruction. The Food and dose Administration (FDA) canonical silicone-filled breast implants only for women twenty-two years or older, but it can be used for breast reconstruction in women of all ages (Mann, 2012, para. 9).Liposuction is not recommended for teens. some(a) teens may lose baby fat as they mature. Spot reduction is a liposuction procedure that is commonly used in teens. It removes fat pockets from specific areas of the body. This is an option when a teen has tried diet and exercise without success. Liposuction should never be used to treat corpulency in teens, or be considered a substitute for diet and exercise (Mann, 2012, para. 10). Cheek implants may not work well to make a teens appearance better because facial features can still be developing.Botox is only approved for people at least eighteen years old, further a mom on a reality show Toddlers and Tiaras that deep made headlines, takes her eight year old daughter who is in beauty pageants for regular botox injections and takes her wax as well. There are several things that the parents, teens, and even the doctors need to consider before deciding on plastic surgery. The first thing that all parties should consider is who desires the plastic surgery. It should be one hundred percent the teens choice.It should not be parents, friends, or boyfriends and girlfriends. Teens who are encouraged to have surgeries by families and friends when they are not interested are poor candidates for plastic surgery, says Malcolm D. Paul, MD, president-elect of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) and a plastic surgeon (WebMD, 2004, p. 2 para. 2). Parents need to consider if their child is serious about the surgery. If they are inconsistent and change from wanting their ears done one day and their nose done the next, they are not a good candidate for plastic surgery.Parents also have to make sure that the teen has realist expectations. Some teens may think a new nose or bigger breasts will change their life. They may think it will make them more popular or open the door to more societal outlets. While the correct procedure in the correct teen may bring about controlling changes in self-consciousness, teen plastic surgery does not guarantee a fairy tale final stage (Mann, 2012, para 8). Doctors usually do a more extensive evaluation on teens wanting plastic surgery than they would a mature adult coming in for th e same procedure.Most board-certified plastic surgeons will die a lot of time interviewing teens to make sure they are mature enough to handle surgery. Plastic surgeons will rule out teens who have psychological problems, such as a teen with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). People with this disorder believe they are unusually ugly. BDD should not be treated by having plastic surgery. It needs to be treated by a mental health professional. The ASPS does not recommend cosmetic surgery for teens that are prone to mood swings or erratic behavior, who abuse drugs and/or alcohol, or who are being treated for a mental illness (Markowitz, 2010, para. ). There are some hideous plastic surgeons who may trespass on a teenager who is obsessed with their appearance. They may also capitalize on those whose parents are set on having the perfect child. There are plenty of statistics out on the subject of teens and plastic surgery. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) ther e were nearly 219,000 cosmetic procedures performed on people age thirteen to nineteen years of age in 2010. In 2010, there were 4,153 breast augmentation procedures on women eighteen and under, which accounts for 1. percent of the total number of breast augmentation procedures in the United States (ASAPS, 2012, para. 5). According to Diana Zuckerman, Ph. D. look into indicates that breast augmentation patients are four times more likely to commit suicide than other plastic surgery patients (Markowitz, 2012, para. 5). This raises questions about the mental health of women who want implants. There are no laws in the United States governing the minimum age for cosmetic procedures. The only real law pertaining to teens and plastic surgery is that the U. S.Food and Drug Administration does not approve cosmetic saline implants for women under eighteen (Markowitz, 2012, para. 2). In the United Kingdom, a teen has to be at least sixteen years of age for any breast augmentations or related surgery. There are negative factors to consider when it comes to teens having plastic surgery. As with any surgical procedure, the exist is very expensive. Most insurances do not cover cosmetic procedures. There are plenty of risks and complications problematic as well. For example, a 17 year old Florida teen died after(prenominal) having breast surgery.Doctors said the cause of her death was malignant hyperthermia, which is a rare metabolic condition that can be triggered by genuine anesthesia. It raises a patients heart rate and metabolism, ca exploitation the body temperature to rise as utmost as 112 degrees. Some believe she was too young to handle the anesthesia (Rose, 2008, para. 3). There are some negative psychological effects as well. Some teens are chasing a false perception, and end up not being happy with the end result. Some believe teens will become addicted to plastic surgery, and think of it as a quick fix.There are some psychological expediencys as well. Teen s gain self-esteem and confidence when their physical problems are corrected. Many teens welcome the changes because it can mean being in a less bullied state, which can lead to normal life. Fixing these conditions can alleviate teasing and bullying. Another benefit to plastic surgery is that it fixes deformities and body parts, making them functional. A common deformity that plastic surgeons fix is cleave palates. A cleft palate is a certain facial deformity that prevents a child from using the mouth properly.This can affect their ability to eat, drink, and talk. Sometimes a plastic surgeon can repair this deformity to improve the childs appearance as well as the functionality of the affected body part. I am about 95 percent against children and teens having plastic surgery. I only agree with it if it is for the usance of restoring the function of body parts. Teens bodies are not fully developed at that age, and most likely their bodies will change for the better. I also dont bel ieve teens are mature enough to be making a decision that poses risks and that will change their appearance forever.References Cosmetic Surgery. (2007). Thefreedictionary. com. Retrieved from http//medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Cosmetic+Surgery Markowitz, Andrea. (2010, June 1). Too young for cosmetic surgery?. Retrieved from http//www. southflorida. com/specialsection/teenlinks/sns-health-young-cosmetic-surgery,0,7776311. story American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. (2012). Teens and plastic surgery. Retrieved from http//www. surgery. org/media/news-releases/teens-and-plastic-surgery American Society of Plastic Surgeons. (2011). Plastic surgery for teenagers briefing paper.Retrieved from http//www. plasticsurgery. org/news-and-resources/briefing-papers/plastic-surgery-for-teenagers. html Rose. (March 28, 2008). Florida teen dies after breast surgery. Retrieved from http//www. zimbio. com/Stephanie+Kuleba/articles/4/Florida+Teen+Dies+After+Breast+Surgery WebMD. (2004). Is plastic surgery a teen thing? Retrieved from http//www. webmd. om/healthy-beauty/features/is-plastic-surgery-teen-thing Mann Denise. (2012) Teen plastic surgery special report. Retrieved from http//www. yourplasticsurgeryguide. com/trends/teen-plastic-surgery. htm